The Sultanate of Oman has relatively high unemployment, particularly among women and youth, while its economy keeps on depending on imported labor (expatriates). To reduce reliance on expatriates and tackle unemployment, the administration presented an approach of Omanization or nationalization of its labor force. As a component of a more extensive plan for the expansion and privatization of the Omani economy, a vital point of the approach is to build the cooperation of women and youth in the work power, to boost the utilization of national human resources and to improve the return of investments from the quickly growing educational achievement of Omani citizens over the recent two decades. This paper focuses on the Omani workforce support in Oman and analyzes the implications of Omanization for the locals in various sectors such as construction, banking, retail, and professional areas. The move to reduce foreign labor in Oman also has an inclusion of women in the workforce to help boost the number of Omanis as compared to foreigners working. For the completion of the case study, the information gotten would require there to have some research methods. The methods will be helpful in that strategies would be in place. The approaches would be beneficial in the collecting of data, the sampling methods to be used as well as the methods of analysis of the data collected.

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

In these modern times, there are a lot of challenges facing nations and especially developing nations. With the rapid increase in population, growing economies, and changing trends in the labor market, most developing countries have struggled with issues such as national debt as well as unemployment, which is an issue of concern in many developing nations. The labor market of the Sultanate of Oman, in the same way as their neighboring countries in the Gulf, commonly known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), is faced with the alleged “Gulf paradox.” This paradox alludes to high domestic unemployment while, ironically, highly depending on imported labor (Zerovec, 2011). To decrease reliance on expatriates and to tackle unemployment, the administration acquainted the Omanization strategy to enhance the nationalization of its work power.

Oman, a nation that has relied heavily on the revenue from crude oil, is not an exception to the problem of high levels of unemployment like other developing countries. What is alarming is that those in the job market are mostly expatriates as compared to locals. Omanization is an approach ordered by the administration of Oman in 1988 aimed at supplanting expatriates with skilled locals. The Sultanate of Oman sets standards for different businesses to reach the percentage of Omani to expatriates. Organizations that attain the administration ordered objectives are given a “green card,” which means they receive press consideration and special treatment in their dealings with the administration. A few Universities have also been opened by the Sultanate to train and equip Omani laborers.

The policy, which began in the late 1980s in the public sector, has been effectively actualized in the private sector since 1995. To utilize the nation’s full human resource potential, Omani citizens, especially women, who had been excluded from formal employment, were likewise focused on replacing expatriates. Several professions have been transcendently Omanized, progressively pushing out the foreign work power and supplanting it with the local workforce. Still, Omanization has far to go if the nation wants to accomplish self-reliance and full work of the national work power. It has been perceived that, over the long haul, Oman needs to use its full national human resource potential to facilitate economic development, which has so far been upheld by a pre-dominatingly foreign labor power.

1.2 Statement of the problem

In specific sectors, the issue of human resource planning might not have been appropriately executed accordingly. Hence a systematic human resource approach is required to guarantee that the industry has the ideal individuals with the correct abilities and skills to enhance better execution of the human resource working inside the company. Besides this, the administration of the Sultanate of Oman actualized the Omanization Policy in the year 1988 with the point of replacing expatriates with Omani locals. Since the advancement of this strategy by the administration, numerous associations have complied. It is subsequently because of these reasons that prompt the researcher to look into the viability of human resource planning and the degree of the selection of the Omanization policy.

1.3 Research Significance

The significance of this paper is to examine and understand the concept of Omanization Policy, its economic and developmental benefits, and alterations. The goal of the study is to analyze the elements obstructing Omanization strategies in the selected sectors – Education, Retail and Tourism of Oman economy and to discover the reason for the divergence made between the graduates and the availability of the jobs (Ali, Nusair, Alani, Khan, & Al Badi, 2017).

1.4 Research Objective

The objective of the paper to determine and discuss the impact Omanization policy has had on the country’s economic and labor development.

To understand how the Sultanate of Oman has been able to implement the Omanization Policy.
To understand the impact of Omanization Policy in both the government (education and labor laws reforms) and various private sectors such as banking.
To understand the strategies used by the government to achieve its goal, the successes, challenges as well as alterations of Omanization.
To find out if the Omanization Policy has achieved its intended goal – of reducing dependence on expatriate labor.

1.5 Research Questions

What approaches did the government use to achieve the Omanization Policy?
What are the benefits, challenges, and alterations of the policy?
What were the research methods used for data collection?

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

In the modern era characterized by growing economies and population, labor crisis, especially in developing countries, is inevitable. Different countries employ different methods to deal with their crisis using techniques that apply to the scene in their economy. This paper looks at Oman’s and how the country has dealt with a large number of expatriate workers in its economy. The article discusses the Omanization policy and the different impacts it has had on the country’s economic and labor development. The paper highlights the history and development of the plan as well as the different ways the administration has adopted in the implementation. It is an analysis of the policy and its dynamics, goals, alterations, and outcomes in various sectors of the Omani economy.

2.1.1 What is Omanization?

Oman is one of the GCC countries, which means that its economy relies heavily on petroleum products for stability and sustenance. However, in the wake of national development and decreasing oil reserves, the country found itself dealing with a crisis in the labor-management where there were more expatriates than nationals in the labor market (Yoel, 2018). To deal with the expatriate influx crisis, the Sultanate’s administration adopted a labor localization plan called Omanization to ensure that it provides opportunities to its growing working population. Mashood et al. (2010) defined the localization efforts by the GCC countries as a process of positive discrimination in the pursuit of encouraging more local participation in the labor market. Yoel (2018) described the policy as the process enacted by the Sultanate of Oman in the quest to increase the involvement of Omanis in both the private and public sectors through the provision of adequate and specialized training.

2.1.2 History of Omanization

Since the year 1975, the ratio of the expatriate to national labor was steadily increasing and reached 1:1 by 1985, which raised concerns among the administration and nationals alike, a scenario which led to the initiation of a nationalization program of the labor force (Das and Ghokale, 2010). The Omanization policy was introduced in the year 1988 by the Government of Oman as a means to tackle the growing expatriate labor to more manageable numbers to the benefit of local workers (Al-Hinai, 2013). According to Matherly and Hodgson (2014), the policy was as a result of the continuation of replacing the imperial military personnel with locals that started 1982. Since the launch of the plan, the country has undergone different phases in its implementation with a focus on different elements meant to strengthen the labor participation of Omanis. Subsequent efforts to implement the policy have been based on the country’s commitment to vision 2020 where the country widened the prospect of Omanization to cover privatization (reduction of the state role in labor provision) and diversification (to reduce overreliance on oil and gas industry) as a means to further propel the economy since its launch in 1996 (Stephen et al., 2012). The process has been a continuous development of the long-term project to realize competitive, skilled labor of Oman nationals as the implementation is still a continuing arrangement with recent major successes being recognized in the banking sector which had achieved a 90% Omanization index by the year 2001 (Matherly and Hodgson, 2014).

2.1.3 Main Goals of Omanization

Implementation of Omanization has been a significant objective of the Sultanate as a means to provide job opportunities for the growing national population, especially after the decline in the oil reserves and price hikes as a result of the oil crisis in the GCC (Mashood et al., 2010). With a growing population and more Oman graduates being released into the national labor force, the rate of unemployment in the country has been increasing steadily in the country which has been the primary reason for the aggressive form of Omanization that the country has adopted in recent years (Al-Mahrooqi and Denman, 2016). The efforts to tackle Omanization as a means to handle unemployment can be seen in the government efforts to support the set-up of SMEs as a way to diversify the grounds of participation in the economy (Martherly, 2014).

One of the characteristics of GCC countries, including Oman, is the overreliance on expatriate labor for technical, professional, and manual work in both public and private sectors (Mashood et al., 2010). Das and Gokhale (2010) explained the reason for Omanization as the initiative to increase the ratio of Omani nationals to ex-pats in the national workforce. The adoption of Omanization was as a means to develop a long-term solution to the competitiveness and participation of Omani citizens in both the domestic and global labor market (Matherly and Hodgson, 2014).

2.2 Implementation

2.2.1 Education reforms

The application of a national policy like Omanization needs a systematic strategy to ensure feasible management of all the involved sectors and shareholders. The main focus that the Omani government focused on was to avoid creating an unbalanced employment ratio in the different industries by creating a deficit in some and a surplus in others (Martherly and Hodgson, 2014). The strategies that the government considered in the implementation of the policy covered the collaboration of ministries and the education sector to ensure a quality-oriented training of Omani youth aimed at replacing the expatriate professionals (Das and Gokhale, 2010). Focusing on the education sector ensures the production of quality personnel that can handle the technology industries and professions. The focus in equipping Omani students with the necessary skill set has been a significant focus of the government seen through the numerous reforms in the higher education sector (Al-Hinai, 2013).

The reforms in the education sector in light of Omanization were started back in 1978 with the primary objective of replacing the non-Omani English teachers by nationals through a training program for teachers (Fahmy and Bilton, 1992). The policies in the 1970s were mainly focused on increasing access to education while later reforms concentrate on quality and the linkage of the system with the labor market. A massive investment in the education sector and vocational training is one of the indicators that the education sector is one of the primary areas the government has considered for the application of the labor nationalization in Oman (Das and Gokhale, 2010).

In the year 1994, the government of Oman created an independent Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) whose main aim was to govern and create a new organizational structure in the education sector (Demyen, 2019). MoHE has seen the development of higher education in Oman improve significantly with an increased number of colleges and funding towards the development of higher education. In talking about education and Omanization, Mashood et al. (2010) noted that besides the industrial policies that the country has enacted to hasten Omanization, training provides the long-term benefit by equipping students with the skills and competencies needed to obtain employment in the expatriate filled economy. Reiterating the importance of education in the Omanization program, Das and Gokhale (2010), the reason for the expatriate domination in the Omani labor market is due to the lack of higher education or vocational training and practical work exposure to match the skill-set of the expatriate worker. The paradox created by the two situations makes education attainment the balancing factor in ensuring that nationals have the skills to take the expatriate jobs. The primary focus of the Sultan in his speeches about education is on the creation of an educated and evolving population that can be adaptive to the developments in the global and national economy (Al-Hinai, 2013).

Technical and vocational skills (Al-Hinai, 2013) and English language learning and teaching to Omani graduates (Al-Mahrooqi and Denman, 2016) are the central undertakings to ensure individual quality in the Omani human resource both internationally and domestically. Increased collaboration of research institutes and industries to ensure quality and efficient transition and the issuance of scholarships to students are some of the education programs that the country has enacted to ensure that Omanization.

2.2.2 Labor laws and industrial diversification control

The labor laws in Oman have been directed towards reducing the hiring of expatriate labor through statutory authority on companies and quotas imposed on foreign hiring practices (Das and Gokhale, 2010). Creating job opportunities for the nationals would require getting rid of reducing the expatriate labor in the Omani labor market. The government introduced the labor laws in 2010 as a means to control the influx of expat employment in both government and private sectors to enhance the industrial participation of Oman nationals (Yoel, 2018). According to mthyoloke.com, the Omani labor laws can be categorized into two segments, i.e., the control of foreigners and encouraging the national worker. The labor laws cover the different requirements between Omani and expatriates and the regulations for companies to hire them.

The government has adopted company quotas to encourage the employment of nationals and restrict the number of expatriate labor on a local level despite the slow voluntary start to the policy (Mashood et al., 2010). The employment quotas which have also been adopted by other GCC economies like Saudi Arabia has strict rules against the companies which do not adhere to the policy through fines and other forms of punishments (Yoel, 2018). The parameters of enforcing the quotas are industry and position based where the government sets aside the specific sectors and managerial jobs that companies should ensure to fit national employees (Mashood et al., 2010). The customization of the quotas is aimed at obtaining company preferences of nationals over ex-pats to reduce the unemployment rates as well as formulate a gender-inclusive labor segmentation to suit the 21^st-century global requirements of equal representation (Matherly and Hodgson, 2014). According to Yoel (2018), the government control policy over the hiring practices has been expanded to all firms in general with a requirement that a minimum of 10% of the total employees of any firm is Omani nationals. He also noted that the compliance to the quota policy had been a significant focus of the Omani government as more than 150 companies were fined by the government for non-compliance to the Omanization laws.

Capping the number of expatriate population to the total population is also another government initiative meant to popularize Omanization through visa restrictions and immigration control. Visa restrictions are one of the aggressive methods that the Omani government has enacted by the Ministry of Manpower (MoM) to prevent expat accumulation in the labor market (Yoel, 2018). These administration control methods have seen the increased participation of Omanis in jobs bit in the private and public sectors with application ratios moving from 50-50 to 80-20 in company hiring for Omanis versus expatriates, respectively (Hasan, 2017).

Most Omanis have preferred to work in the government sector due to better working conditions, a fact that has led to an increase in the unemployment rate, especially among graduates (Al-Mahrooqi and Denman, 2016). One of the ways that the government has adopted to reduce the overreliance on foreign labor is the diversification of the economy through strengthening a few select industries and like Tourism and construction to accommodate the growing needs for jobs in the country (Al-Balushi, 2018). Strengthening the private sector ensures that the country expands its economic reliance to increase more opportunities for its nationals.

2.3 Alterations that have occurred

Omanization started as a process to reduce the over-dependence on expatriate labor in their economy. However, the increase in population and a reduction in the oil industry, the country adopted an industrial diversification module as a way to support the policy. The alterations in the implementation have been on the approach and scope of coverage. Still, the goal has been sustained, i.e., replacing expatriate labor with skilled and quality national work in all sectors. These are some of the major shifts that the country has enacted in the Omanization policy.

2.3.1 The inclusion of women in the policy

In 2010, the rate of unemployment was soaring, but it was more detrimental to women more than men in the overall labor participation with a 28% representation (Matherly and Hodgson, 2014). To increase the involvement of women in the Omanization policy and meet the global requirements of gender equality, the country embarked on a women agenda to complement the diversification policy (Zerovec and Bontenbal, 2011). The focus on women has been adopted mainly in the education sector, which was the reason for the influx of unemployed graduates necessitating the diversification program into industries like tourism, teaching, and nursing as a solution for the women’s labor participation (Al-Baliushi, 2018). The focus on women’s participation in socio-economic development has led to the introduction of vocational training (Goveas and Aslam, 2011) and favorable labor laws (Das and Gokhale, 2010) to ensure gender inclusivity in the implementation of the program.

2.3.2 Government aggressiveness in the implementation of the policy

As the policy was in its early stages, the adoption of the labor laws was voluntary to companies, but recent unemployment rates and the high ratio of expatriates have pushed the administration to adopt a more aggressive approach in instilling the adherence to labor laws (Al-Mahrooqi and Denman, 2016). The aggressiveness has been enacted through the setting of industrial and company quotas to regulate the participation of nationals in the different focus positions (Stephen et al., 2012). Tight migration rules and visa restrictions have also been some ways that the government has changed its approach towards the implementation of the policy (Hasan, 2017). The assertive approach by the government has seen direct involvement in ensuring that companies adhere to the regulations set for Omanization.

2.3.3 Mixed approach

The implementation of the policy has moved from public and private focus to more specific industries and positions that are preserved for Omanis. Mashood et al. (2010) explained the approach as both through key sectors and selected emphasis. The mixed-method takes whole industries, maintains positions, and sets company percentages for Omanis to occupy. The government is also integrating foreign investment into the process as a means to improve the economy to create more jobs. The main alterations that have occurred have been in the approach that the government has chosen to enact and promote the participation of the Omani labor force.

2.4 How has Omanization evolved?

As the Omanization policy was taking effect in the late 1980s, the first step was replacing the positions occupied by the colonial officers (Matherly and Hodgson, 2014). The evolution of the policy since then has been based on tackling the migration, hence labor, challenges presented by population increase and decline in the oil reserves, and the MENA crisis. Although this paper does not describe a step by step evolution of the policy, it manages to highlight the main stages that have been realized since the launch of the system in 1988.

One of the initial enactments to endorse the Omanization policy was setting the Omani Education and Training Council to enhance the grasp of the English language for the teachers to reduce foreign teachers in the ministry (Fahmy and Bilton, 1992). The education was a means to ensure that the country provided the necessary skills to both Omani tutors and students to meet the labor expectations that were realized as the economy was diversified and needed more technical labor requirements. The government has since then undertaken several education reforms, especially in higher education and vocational training, to accommodate the labor (Yoel, 2018).

The MENA crisis and the decline in oil have also been a significant incidence in the economic development of Oman. This necessitated the diversification of the Oman economy as a means to accommodate the increasing national population, especially the graduates who were produced by the education reforms. According to Al-Balushi (2018), the consequence of a substantial influx of foreign labor and graduates raised the need for the extensive implementation plan of Omanization. This phase included the colluding of learning institutions with specific industries and companies to strengthen the applicability of the nationals on a technical level.

The last phase of Omanization has been characterized by the aggressive intervention of the government through industrial quotas and visa restrictions. This was a result of reluctance to comply with the labor laws voluntarily, which pressed the government to intervene through imposing industrial quotas (Mashood et al., 2010). Banning the issuance of expatriate visas in various sectors has been one of the latest efforts by the government to ensure the realization of the Omanization goals in the vision 2020 policy that the country undertook in 1996. This has been combined with the government’s efforts to strengthen the entrepreneurial climate in Oman by offering incentives to the establishment of SMEs.

2.5 Outcomes of Omanization

The Sultanate’s efforts to realize the objectives of Omanization have been achieved in different sectors and magnitudes. The focus industries and companies have enacted the policy depending on the administrative decisions and qualifications of the Omani workers. Education has been a significant influence on the skills and, therefore, employability of the local workers. Industrial adoption through the diversification program has also been a significant outcome of Omanization as it was a means to accommodate the growing working population in the country. To assess the effectiveness of Omanization, this paper will evaluate different statistics and developments that have been realized as a result. To achieve the outcome, this article looks at various literature and assessing the current matters that have been produced as a result of Omanization efforts in the country.

The education sector has been a significant benefactor of the Omanization program by realizing more training programs and higher education. The initial focus of the policy was improving the education sector to produce a competitive domestic workforce that can participate in the diversified economic scene of the country. The education sector has, since then, achieved various development s in the skill orientation, number of establishments as well as gender participation in school, and eventually in the job market. In addition to the single state university in the country (Sultan Qaboos University), the country has had 24 more private colleges to supplement the state involvement in the equipping graduates with the necessary skills to engage in employment competitively (Al-Hinai, 2013). The ministry of education shows that the proportion has been 49/50 in school-going age between boys and girls compared to 33% in the year 1980 before the policy too effect. The insistent reforms in education, especially female education, has seen the country realize the highest rate of female education and labor participation in the GCC (Das and Gokhale, 2010).

The precise outcome of Omanization can be achieved by studying the employment ratios through time between the expatriate and national labor representation. In presenting the impact of Omanization, Das, and Gokhale, 2010) noted that despite the reduction in the expatriate proportion, the economy realized an overall increase in labor participation, which can be owed to the Omanization policy. The study by the duo focused on various sectors. It showed that the proportion of expatriate labor decreased from 33% to 27.1% in the wholesale-retail area while the construction experienced a decline of 28% 24.5 between the years 1997-2002. In the initial stages of the policy, the policy managed to realize an increase of 5.1% Oman labor against 2.3% expatriate between 1995 and 2000.

Looking at the individual industry extent of implementation, some industries have enacted the policy to notable success, while others are still lagging mainly in the private sector due to the lack of qualifications or poor conditions (Al-Hinai, 2013). The difference between the divisions can also be attributed to the length of existence of the companies. For instance, the banking sector has realized the highest rate of Omanization with more than a 90% rate by the year 2008 (Stephen et al., 2010). Gas, insurance, and hotels have also achieved a significant level of adherence to the policy with 75%, 58%, and 43%, respectively.

The hotel sector has achieved a higher level of Omanization as tourism is one of the areas the government to enhance the localization of labor in the Sultanate. The oil and gas industry is also another field that the government set aside to promote Omanization and has realized a 90% and 82% in production and operations, respectively (Hasan, 2017). The government gauges the success and effectiveness of the policy through setting targets and striving to achieve them during a period. The tourism sector is still one of the most developing industries a success, which can be attributed to the Omanization as the area had 330,685 visitors in April 2019, denoting an increase of 34.3 from the previous year (Arab News, 2019).

The effect of Omanization has also affected the rate of immigration into the country as the policy has had its focus on the application of visas to restrict the inflow of foreign labor. This policy affects the overall ratio of the expatriate and the Oman laborers. The effect of Omanization can be gauged by studying the tourism industry, which shows that despite the overall increase in foreign visitation in the country, the expat residential population decreased by 2 million, which is the highest number to be realized in the Omanization process (Arab News, 2019). Arab News reported that the country’s population hit its lowest in 2015, a fact that can be attributed to the driving ban on the renewal and issuance of expat visas. The table below shows the variations in the expatriate population in the last three years.

Year	Expatriate population (%)
2016	45.1
2017	45.9
2018	45.1
2019	43.7

Table 1 percentage of ex-pat population in the last three years (source; NCIS)

The figures show a steady drop in the percentage of foreign labor in the expatriate population, showing the effect on the overall immigration figures. The robust decrease in the ratio of expat to the national population is greatly attributed to the initiation of the visa ban. In the overall sectoral effect of Omanization, the policy managed to create more than 64,000 and 4,000 job opportunities for Oman nationals in the private and public sectors, respectively (Arab News, 2019).

These statistics show that Omanization has been able to realize both the diversification of the economy and job provision to the private sector as well as reduce the overreliance on expatriate labor. The private sector has been able to provide more jobs than the public sector, which is one of the broader prospects of Omanization as a means to diversify the economy. The reduction in the overall expert population, not just their participation in the marketplace, shows that the policy has been able to cover a broader scope of its objectives.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction

This section outlines the examination strategies that have been considered and used by the specialist to accumulate the observational information towards finishing up and addressing the exploration inquiries for this investigation. Omanization is an approach established by the legislature of Oman in 1988 planned for supplanting exile laborers with prepared Omani Personnel. The Sultanate of Oman sets amounts for different enterprises to reach regarding the level of Omani to remote specialists. In the audit of the writing in section two, a hole has been recognized in the current research in that there was adequate proof on the need to examine the components that impact scholastic staff work fulfillment in Oman. The exploration strategies section will give a detail of an examination procedure received to address the exploration issues recognized above, alongside the methods for gathering information for investigation including the information examination structure lastly tending to the restrictions or issues looked in the functional research.

3.2 Research Strategies/ Approaches

Different research procedures can be embraced for the examination. The choice of a proper system will be founded on the point and research bearing to satisfy inquire about goals. Research systems are, for example, contextual investigations, review, ethnography, trial explore, valid research, activity inquire about, and grounded hypothesis. With the end goal of this examination, the general procedure viewed as used in the study. The fitting examination procedure was seen as the review through polls and meetings through semi-organized inquiries. The choice on the chose systems can be advocated by alluding it to the exploration questions. In any case, the system that framed the premise of this investigation is dominatingly subjective. The dynamic idea of the inquiry, together with its wide-extending social, monetary, and political interconnections, was the principal driver behind the decision of the subjective methodology. Moreover, the meeting approach was a more substantial device for information assortment than a self-directed poll. The investigation expects to discover answers to the exploration inquiries by getting a superior comprehension of the discernments and dispositions of partners through face to face and semi-organized meetings. Four classifications of partners were considered.

The strategies are supports to shed light on the study. The primary type of approaches which are mainly used includes the Quantitative and the Qualitative research approaches. The Subjective/Qualitative research recognizes theoretical ideas, while quantitative analysis gathers numerical information. Quantitative research is “clarifying wonders by collecting statistical data that is broken down utilizing scientifically based techniques (specific measurements). Qualitative research looks to address inquiries concerning why and how individuals carry on in the manner that they do. It gives top to bottom data about human conduct. Be that as it may, the generous distinction is in the kind of activity applied and in the size of the example.

3.3 Methods of Data Collection

Various methods are used for the collection of data. For this research am going to incorporate a couple of ways. The collection of data will involve multiple stakeholders in the Oman country and how they see the Nationalization of the state to achieve the best job satisfaction, among other things. There are different methods for the information assortment methodology that have been considered by the analyst to get the most extreme reactions for more relevant information and a more beneficial outcome. The reason for the review was to increase the comprehension of ladies’ laborers’ view of Omanization strategy and to distinguish factors that advance and compel the possibility of usage of the approach in the work environment and regarding accomplishing its objective of national Human Resource improvement. Where potential, interviews were additionally led with the supervisors of the establishments under investigation to distinguish how the Omanization strategy has been executed and what are the impacts in the Nationalization of Oman.

3.4 Sampling and Population

This is another aspect that is important to the research. Since the 1990s, under the authority of Sultan Qaboos canister Said, the Sultanate of Oman has been endeavoring to change its economy. Oman has attempted to move its economy away from oil towards a reasonable, development, and information-based economy that likewise organizes industrialization and the travel industry. Because of the considerable populace number and time limitations to complete this examination, an example from the vast populace must be picked. There are different examining procedures that can be viewed as, for instance, arbitrary testing, basic irregular inspecting, stratifies inspecting, group testing, foundational examining, quantity examining, and accommodation examining. Every individual the scientists met was asked who else may be happy to be reached about the subject. The sampling method to be used include the (AL-Hinai, 2018);

Random sampling- Itis is also known as Irregular examining. It is the point at which the example is arbitrarily chosen. Decreasing predisposition can be viewed as a bit of leeway of this sort of reviewing.
Systemic sampling- It is also known as Foundational inspecting. This is the point at which an example is chosen fundamentally.
Simple random sampling- it is also referred to as Straightforward arbitrary testing. In this kind of examining the choices are made by some coincidence.
Convenience sampling- This is also known as Accommodation testing. It is a non-arbitrary kind of examining in which the analyst chooses the example as per his/her comfort.

3.5 Method of Data Analysis

Information investigation has two noticeable techniques: subjective research and quantitative research. Every strategy has its very own methods. Meetings and perceptions are types of individual research, while examinations and studies are quantitative research. As you start moving from the least complicated sort of investigation forward, the level of trouble and assets required increments. Simultaneously, the degree of included understanding and worth likewise increases. The data analysis methods to be used in the study are as follows;

Descriptive Analysis-It is at the establishment of all information knowledge. It is the least complicated and most regular utilization of information in business today. Illustrative examination answers the “what occurred” by outlining past information frequently as dashboards.
Predictive Analysis-endeavors to respond to the inquiry “what is probably going to occur.” This sort of investigation uses past information to make forecasts about future results. This kind of examination is another progression up from the elucidating and analytic studies. A careful consideration utilizes the information we have outlined to make intelligent forecasts of the results of occasions. This investigation depends on factual displaying, which requires added innovation and labor to estimate. It is additionally imperative to comprehend that gauging is just a gauge; the precision of expectations depends on quality and point by point information.

4.0 Conclusion

Omanization has been, initially, governed by education reforms and industrial diversification and later by the labor laws and banning the issuance and renewal of expatriate visas. These enactments have been the significant events that have occurred in the country concerning Omanization. Education policy was the initial process in the realization of the plan, with the main focus being equipping the national population with the necessary skills to participate competitively in the economic development of the country. The education policy increased the number of graduates in the country, which presented an unemployment issue in the country. To tackle the unemployment issue and still ensure that Oman nationals are absorbed in the job market, the country embarked on a diversification program to increase the opportunities. The diversification program constituted of select companies that the government planned to increase the rate of Omani participation by providing incentives and aligning the requirements to the education reforms. Labor laws were a means to ensure company compliance with the policy by the government, increasing its participation in the corporate level to hasten the implementation of the plan. The labor laws were enforced using capping and industrial quotas, as well as fines for non-compliance. The latest and perhaps the most effective step in ensuring the implementation of Omanization was the visa ban, which has reduced the overall exact population and increased national labor participation. Although the process has been slow, it has been steady, and its impact can be felt across the country’s economy through increased employment and employability of Oman nationals.

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Omanization paper

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Abstract