history of hypertension, the physiology, treatments

history of hypertension, the physiology, treatments

Abstract/Introduction

From a broader perspective, in the United States, more than 300 million civilians residing in big cities sprawling suburbs and rural areas. A sweeping set of data extracted by Cross Blue Shield Association is shedding the light of conditions influencing many of such communities, and assisting professionals in understanding health challenges that are urgent and emerging. As such, it enables the government to incorporate appropriate measures through the ministry of health by making substantial budgetary concerning the condition and diseases compromising the health status of many individuals.

In the American social set-up, one of the leading conditions among the adults is high blood pressure, where more than 75 million have the state. The number comprises 32% of the total population with high blood pressure, which means that every 1 in 3 American adults has prehypertension. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries that transport blood from the heart to the entire parts of the body (Hall et al. 7).

Individuals who are suffering from hypertension are always at risk for heart diseases and stroke that are the leading causes of death among Americans. For example, in 2014, high blood pressure caused or contributed more than 0.4 million Americans (Hall et al. 164). In each year, hypertension costs the nation more than $48.5 billion, which integrates the cost of health services, treatment medications as well as missed day work (Hall et al. 53). The paper will primarily focus on investigating the history of the condition, the physiology, treatments as well as day research being conducted on the problem.

Physiology of Hypertension

Hypertension is an enduring elevation of blood pressure, which results in an end-organ impairment, and causes an increased morbidity and mortality rate. High blood pressure is the artifact of cardiac output and systematic vascular resistance (Hall et al. 14). The patients who suffer from arterial hypertension are generally associated with increased cardiac output, and increased systemic vascular resistance or can have both. In older adults, increased systematic vascular and stiffness of the vasculature are no role, unlike in young age group patients with high cardiac output.

Vascular tone can primarily be elevated due to increased α-adrenoceptors stimulations or due to the release of peptides such as angiotensin and endothelins. The last physiological routes involve an increase in cytosolic calcium in vascular smooth muscles that causes vasoconstriction. An assortment of growth facets, such as angiotensin or endothelins, results in an increase in vascular smooth muscle mass that is referred to as vascular modeling (Hall et al. 24). An increase in systemic vascular resistance and vascular stiffness amplify the load that is enforced on the left ventricle, which in turn induces left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

In mid-ages, the pulse pressure created by the left ventricle is primarily low, and the waves replicated by the peripheral vasculature that occurs after the systole, thus raising the pressure at the early part of diastole and improvement of coronary perfusion is realized. With aging features, stiffness of aorta and elastic arteries result in increased pulse pressure with reflected waves moving from early diastole to late systole. The widening of the pulse pressure in both young and adults is a prediction of manifestation of coronary heart diseases. Specifically, the autonomic nervous system is an integrated system that helps in controlling bold pressure both at resting and in response to environmental stimuli.

Causes, Symptoms and Risk Factors of Hypertension

The primary cause of high blood pressure is not well known; however, it is the result underlying conditions that are evident to the underlying condition among patients. Typically, there are two categories of hypertension that encompasses four stages. Primary, also referred to as essential hypertension, tends to emaciate gradually over many years (Hall et al. 134). Primary hypertension results from various factors such as blood plasma volume, hormone activities from patients who use medication to manage blood volume, or environmental factors like lack of exercise, and poor diet.

In adults, there have been no real and substantial causes given high blood pressure. Secondary hypertension primarily appears and causes more top features of bold pressure as compared to primary hypertension. This type of hypertension has specific roots and is a complication of another health-related issue. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is the leading cause of high blood pressure due to kidney dysfunction (Gradman et al. 54). The conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, and pheochromocytoma are also contributors to this type of hypertension. Other leading causes include obesity, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and sleeping apnea.

In stage one, also known as prehypertension, is in a mid-range of 120/80 to 139/89. The phase two/mid hypertension is 140/100 to 159/99. Stage three, also known as moderate hypertension, ranges from 160/100 to 179/109. The last critical types are stage four, also termed as severe hypertension is 180/100 or higher than the proportions. A reasonable number of people don’t primarily know or realize that they are suffering from hypertension. Regular checkups are the mechanism that is important in known the state of high blood pressure. Some of the associated blood pressure symptoms include; severe headache, fatigue, vision impairment, chest pains with breathing difficulties, and blood in the urine.

Hypertension is associated with several risk factors that range from health conditions, lifestyle to family historical background; some of the risk factors are primarily hard to avoid and control, such as family history. The other risk factors of high blood pressure are race, age, and gender, as well as chronic kidney disease (Gradman et al. 65). Concerning age, the older individuals are, the higher the chances of getting high blood pressure due to gradual blood vessels losing elastic quality. Gender also plays a critical role in determining the likelihood of having the condition. Until the age of 64, men are more likely to have hypertension than women of the same age, and at 65 years, the fact goes otherwise, women become more susceptible than males (Hall et al. 49). About race, African-Americans tend to manifest high blood pressure more than any other race in the background of the United States of America. The condition also seems to be more severe in Blacks, and some medications are less effective in treating them. Health issues such as CKD triggers the state, especially in secondary type due to kidney diseases, and having the condition kidney can be further impaired.

Present-Day Research Conducted On High Blood Pressure

Currently, research has been conducted to understand more concerning the leading hypertension conditions that are compromising the health well-being of many individuals at the globe, especially in the United States of America. From outside the U.S. premises, research was conducted that involved prevalence and linked risk factors of hypertension. The other primary objective was to estimate awareness, treatment, and the adequacy of control of high blood pressure among the population of Varanasi.

The study involved both males and females who were aged 25 to 65 that incorporated 640 study subjects. The results extracted significantly showed that the prevalence of hypertension was 32.9 %, men with 40.9%, and females registered 26%.  Higher chances of being hypertensive comprised male subjects in older age groups, married, and in upper socio-economic settings. The tobacco and alcohol consumers and the ones with obesity related-issues were associated with high blood pressure. 38.4% out of 211 total hypertensive subjects were unfamiliar with their conditions, and out 70.4 of them were under treatment to control their state. The conclusion that was made was that approximately one-third of the subjects were hypersensitive, and the part of the study topics had pre-hypersensitive. Shallow aspects of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension were realized among the resident of Varanasi.

Conclusion

In summation, hypertension continuous is a significant public health related-problem across the globe. Several negative impacts, such as an increase in heart, brain, and kidney diseases, are common that possess severe medical conditions. In the United States, hypertension is listed among the leading causes of death among patients. Globally, according to the World Health Organization, roughly 1.13 billion people have hypertension, the majority of them living in low and middle-income nations.

The history of hypertension can be traced late 15^th century when William Harvey realized that high blood pressure initiated from the cardiovascular system. The techniques of recognized the conditions were brought in place that significantly improved its management. The physiology of physiology is associated with several principles that lead to a universal concept of explanation, among other aspects such as to cause, symptoms, and related risk factors.

Hypertension is a force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries that transport blood from the heart to the entire parts of the body. As such, it has brought a bright idea to a health professional on the appropriate treatment approaches to employ on patients with hypertension. The best treatment that is mainly advised is to check lifestyles and regulative strategies. The primary change of lifestyles involves taking a balanced diet of a particular type, and exercising regularly can help prevent the occurrence of the condition.

Regulative approaches involve the use of drugs such as Diuretics, use of (ARBs) angiotensin 11 receptors, and …………….. Therefore, it is critical to admit that hypertension is a leading public health problem and appropriate measures need to be taken to control and manage it. Since the condition is associated with other body parts complications, the government across the globe should focus and allocate substantial resources to address hypertension. The funds can also be used to make further research on conditions and avoid the adverse consequences associated.