Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is is a way if managing mental health using psychosocial methods. It majorly focuses on the changing and challenging unsupportive cognitive distortions like, attitude, thoughts behaviors, and beliefs that help in regulations of the individual’s emotions according to the (Sprout Health Group, 2019). CBT is strategically modified in personal coping development techniques which with a target of solving the current mental problems in a healthcare fraternity. The process was initially designed to help in managing depression but has currently undergone several modifications, which helps in the many cases of mental condition, including anxiety. It helps in defining psychopathologies using evidence-based strategies and techniques. It’s is not the same from the look of the psychoanalytic method and the psychotherapy as it takes its form, unlike the psychoanalytic approach whereby the therapist had to find the hidden meaning behind the action as they formulate the diagnosis.CBT anchored on several fundamental principles governing cognitive psychology and the practices according to (Cowlishaw et al., 2012).
The roots of cognitive therapy resulted from one of the first renown therapist known as Alfred Adler. He influenced the Albert Ellis work, who, in turn, came up with cognitive-based psychotherapy, which is called rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). Later Aaron T. Beck conducted a free association session wherein the psychoanalytic where he realized that thought was is not unconscious like Freud had earlier supposed. Additionally, some of the thinking resulted from the emotional suffering and consequently developed cognitive theory based on his discovery, and henceforth Beck is known as the further of Cognitive therapy. Through the invention of the rational emotive therapy and the Cognitive therapy from which the emphasis of the CBT factor was born. With more discovery, many scientists emerged the likes of David M. Clark, who helped in making of panic disorder (Freeman, 2014). Therefore making the cognitive treatment not only to be called a therapy but as an general word for cognitive-based psychotherapies like Acceptance and and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Rational Emotive Therapy (REBT), reality therapy, dialectical therapy, Cognitive Processing therapy EMDR and multimodal therapy which are all blended for the cognitive-and behaviour based factors.
CBT is action-oriented as problem-focused as it to manage the specific condition related to diagnosed mental disorders. Being that the CBT is problem focussed and action-oriented makes its perfect designed model of its life cycle diagram depicting how thoughts, emotions behaviors, and physical sensation as a core basis summed in four categories as attached in the model diagram on the Appendix I. The therapist role is, therefore, to find the clients effective practicing methods selected to manage the chosen goals and symptoms of the condition. It is purely based on the process that maladaptive and thought distortions behaviors play a vital role in maintenance and development of the psychological disorders, and that the associated distress and symptoms are reducible through the teaching of the new information-processing skills and coping mechanism according to (Cowlishaw et al., 2012).
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The review study has found that CBT can solely be used without the combination of any other drugs and medication to help to manage the less severe form of depression-like: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD anxiety, eating disorders, anxiety, and the bodyline personality disorders. Additionally, it is as well recommended to be done together with the treatment other conditions like psychotic disorder, major depressive disorder, opioid use disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and bipolar disorder, according to Adelman et al.,. (2014). CBT is always identified as the first line of management for major psychological addiction. And mental disorder in adolescents and children, including the aggression and the conduct disorders. The study that was done by the medical professionals reveals that the first therapeutic intervention used was also goofed for treating specific disorders in adults as well.
Its recommendation as the treatment for choice is along with the interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT[PS1] ), which are the required psychosocial interventions that psychiatrist residents are taught. According to its description, mainstream cognitive behavioral therapy assumes that changing maladaptive thinking[PS2] may lead to alteration of the effects and the behavior. However, the recent findings have it that changes in relationships occur to a thought that is maladaptive and not in the differences in the thinking. The main objective of the CBT is not to diagnose an individual with an aspecific illness. Instead, the patients should be looked at wholely, and then a full decision made on exactly what is there to be changed, as suggested by (Barlow et al.,. 2017).
The technological advancement and the age of the technological breakthrough have led to a various improvement in the world of the medication as well, through the introduction of IT in the hospital set-up, many factors have emerged amongst the factors being Cognitives distortions. The cognitive distortion is[PS3] a therapist or computer-based program which uses the CBT technique to assist individuals in challenging most of their[PS4] beliefs and patterns, thus replacing the erroneous thoughts as the term suggests cognitive distortions — for example, catastrophizing, minimizing positives, magnifying negatives, and overgeneralizing with the more realistic and practical idea.
Through the method of application of the cognitive distortion approach, emotional distress, and behavior that is self-defeating. The process, however, can either be used as a false way of forming a belief of discrimination or generalization of things. It can also be applied to help an individual take more open, mindful, and aware posture toward cognitive distortions to diminish their effects.
(Freeman, 2014) Suggest in his book that CBT helps people to replace coping skills, maladaptive cognitions, behaviors, and also feelings with the[PS5] more adoptive ones. Through challenging the individual’s way of thinking and their response to specific habits. Even though a degree of mistrust is still compounded on how the original cognitive elements are responsible for the impacts seen in the CBT regularly in the initial behavioral[PS6] factors, including skill training and exposure. Generally, the CBT has its six phases through which it works effectively, reconceptualization phase, skill acquisition, skills in application training and consolidation generalization and maintenance, post-treatment assessment follow-ups, and the psychological assessment.
The assessment created by Saslow and Kanfer after identification of the behavior that needs change, whether excessively or in deficit the treatment has happened, the therapist has to identify whether the applied intervention has succeeded or not succeeded. For instance, if the main aim of the objective was set to reduce the frequency of the behavior, then there should be a positive change observed. And in a situation whereby the critical practices remain at the baseline, the intervention strategy applied has not met the set goals and standards governing the rules of response and the. (Kisely 2015). Suggests the steps involved in the assessment as used in different phases of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. The very first step suggested is the identification of the new behaviors,n the second step to be followed in determining whether critical practices are excesses or deficits. The third one is evaluating the necessary actions for frequency, duration, or intensity, which involves obtaining a baseline. Step four involves, if in excess, attempts to decrease the frequency, duration, or severity of the behaviors and if deficits to increase the response. According to the steps, the reconceptualization phase forms the basis of the cognitive part constituting CBT designed and summarised in Hofman’s approaches.
However, there exist several methods whereby this kind of therapy is delivered, coupled with remarkable similarities amongst them. The terminology CBT has a different dimension and many meanings. For instance, self-instruction means imagery, talk for self-motivation and destruction, developing of the adaptive strategies, biofeedback pain, and also setting of goals, among others.CBT useful to the group and the individual settings as these techniques are most likely adopted for self-help applications. Some of the clinicians and the technicians are always oriented cognitively through cognitive restructuring, while others are more behaviorally centered like exposure therapy like the imaginal one, which always combines both approaches.
CBT is issued in adults for treating conditions like depression, anxiety, body dysmorphic disorder, severe or mild back problems, seating problems, personality problems, psychosis, schizophrenia, drug abuse disorder post-spinal-cord injuries, and the fibromyalgia. But in adolescents and children CBT is used in treatment of the body dysmorphic disorders, eating disorders, obesity, obsessive-compulsive problems, post-traumatic disorders anxiety disorders, and the depression and suicidal issues as well as the repetitive behavior, trichotillomania and tic disorders (Roberstson 2010) suggest that the CBT-SP, suicide prevention (SP) is purely meant to treat the youth with severe depression and those who attempted the suicide within the past 3 months and later proved to be practical, acceptable and feasible.
It helps the children of three to six years in for post-traumatic disorders. According to the reviews it ha been evidenced beyond the reasonable doubt that CBT is more likely to work in post-traumatic stress in children and teenagers than any other psychotherapy as suggested by (Hunot, 2013) further indicate that the use of CBT in the children and peers have been proven and applied to several children disorders for instance when it is coupled with distraction and hypnosis it helps to reduce pain in young kids and also adolescents. According to the Cochrane reviews. No evidence has been found that CBT is the most effective tinnitus. However, the process of managing depression affects the standard of life that given condition.
It has not been proven as well by the Cochrane review whether CBT can be launched and effectively be used as the therapy for those who undergo sexual assaulted by their spouses in managing the youths under healthcare. However, the research carried out by the INSERM 2004 review states that CBT was presumed and proven effective in treating several mental disorders. Nonetheless, the findings of the ISERM suggest that CBT was effective in the treatment of disorders and diseases like the: panic disorder, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress, depression, schizophrenia, alcoholic dependency, personality anorexia, and bulimia related disorder according to (Adelman et al.,. 2014). According to the meta-analysis, CBT proves more effective as psychodynamic therapy and equivalent to the other treatment in depression and anxiety treatment. The Computerised (CCBT) is as well tested and proven to be more helpful as compared to other trials in the treatment of the conditions through randomized control. In handling the Insomnia and the adolescent anxiety, the CCBT based approach is as effective as the face to face[PS7] CBT approach. Although there is proof of the effectiveness of CBT, other critics are against it and continuously apply the use of UK and IAPT, which may lead to initial low-quality therapy conducted personnel at are poorly trained.
Other branches of CBT offer the best of the treatment, including the ACT, which aids through the use of mindful and acceptance intervention, which currently provides the most exceptional longevity in the therapeutic outcome. The Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as a branch of the CBT helps in the outcome improvements from the pre-post treatment strategy. ACT proves a viable source of disorders treatment because when a follow-up is taken for 12 months, it prooves its perfection hence gaining the appropriate ground as the part of the procedure initiated through their CBT enhanced system. The use of CBT in healthcare is full as it is applicable clinically and out of the clinical environment through the application of hypnotherapy as a supplement to[PS8] it helps in boosting its efficiency in the variety of clinical problems. It has helped a lot in personality and behavioral problem treatment. According to the research carried out by the reviewing CBT concluded that the CBT delivered in the primary stage, including an Internet-based self-help program and Computer, is effective than the usual competent primary care therapist in anxiety issues and depression.
Currently, there is a global trending for the possible role of the CBT in treatment of the affection deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), sleeping disturbance comes with age and multiple sclerosis[PS9] , hypochondriasis, dysmenorrhea, and bipolar disorder though it still needs more study and cautious interpretation of the outcome. In the people experiencing Alzheimer’s disease, CBT can help on easing the signs of depression and anxiety[PS10] . It has also been studied as the best method of treating the stuttering as well as it is effective in reducing social stress to disorders and adults who stutter, though not applicable in overcoming the stutter frequently.
For those with metastatic breast cancer, CBT, and other psychosocial interventions help with psychological pain and outcome management. However, there is more proof that CBT has preferrable results in the long term to nonbenzodiazepines and benzodiazepines in managing and treatment of Insomnia. CBT can be used on fatigue syndrome[PS11] , but its effectiveness is average. The healthcare providers in the UK through national Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE[PS12] ) always recommend CBT as a remedy for several mental conditions like bulimia nervosa, clinical depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder [PS13]
For the case of depression, the American Psychiatrist Association guidelines indicate that psychotherapeutic approaches, interpersonal psychotherapy, and the documented efficiency of the treatment for major depressive disorder. Aaron T. Beck’s cognitive theorist suggests that patients of depression think as they do simply because their thoughts are always geared towards the contrary interpretation. The theory suggests that those depressed always acquire a negative schema during their adolescents and childhood periods and the acquired negative schema later in life when such a person then encounters a similar situation. The theory further implies that the CBT triad is comprised of the patient’s negative evaluations as the theorist indicates that the negative assessment of the affected individuals is always derived out of the negative schema[PS14] . However, he suggests that those who are depressed are still experiencing the following cognitive biases, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, minimization, magnification, and arbitrary inference (Barlow et al.,.2017).
In the treatment of the anxiety disorders, CBT has been active through the use of vivid exposure, which is known as the head on the head confrontation of the feared objects situations or activities by the patients. For instance, a woman who fears their location, which resulted in their PTSD, will visit the place with the nurses and directly confront the fears of those places. Similar to a person who fears to give a speech. The person will be given the time to face the fear of providing a declaration so that the person can be relieved of the doubt. Hobart suggests that when a person is subjected to such stimuli, he or she can unlearn such condition and regain their normal, senses thus becoming free from the disorders the term that he referred to as the habituation or distinction. The scientist has discovered that the process applied is similar to that of examining the animals and the animals of the glucocorticoids, which enhances the memory enforcement, thus creating an unfeared situation in the feared situation. Therefore the combination of the glucocorticoids and exposure therapy can be used to improve the treatment of those with anxiety disorders.
For the therapy to work effectively, operationalization of the issue in question, with insisting on measurements, which includes the measuring of the changes in behavior, cognition, and achievement of objectives. All of the goals can only be experienced through the coordination and cooperation of both the patients and the therapist collaboration, according to (Kisely et al., 2019). Through doing so, the caregiver finally can determine the possible treatment from the will of the patient to change as the effective CBT is performed based on the therapeutic alliance through the healthcare giver and the patient.
The therapies are also based on Computerised cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT) instead of a human face to face therapy and also referred to as internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy[PS15] . ICBT. The CCBT potentially improves access to evidence based therapies and replaces the individual therapy hence effective and cost reductive. The world of technology, which is experiencing more significant growth in the healthcare sector, has also introduced the use of smartphone app-delivered as a method of access. Mobiles apps are used to guide CBT through Artificial Intelligence (AI). In conclusion, the Global society is out to support and fully fund the CBT related programs with NICE taking the front stage in enhancing the use of the CBT and making sure that CBT is effectively implemented through programs like the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT[PS16] ) programs.
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https://infogalactic.com/info/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy
http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy
https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/Cognitive-behavioral_therapy
https://secure.plagscan.com/2/8bc1a049-3578-41f3-925a-f4a926f10bb2
https://secure.plagscan.com/2/e457ecea-2dc3-41c8-ad6c-c97f8a4cfbe8
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4750912/
[PS16]Possible sources:
https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy
https://readibilities.blogspot.com/2017/08/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-computer.html
https://animal-library.blogspot.com/2017/07/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-computer.html
https://infogalactic.com/info/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy
http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy
http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Cognitive behavioral therapy/en-en/