Case Study; Fiscal and Monetary policy.
QUESTION ONE.
Marginal propensity to save(MPS) is the portion of income that is saved instead of being used for buying goods and services. MPS is the saving of that disposable income after taxation and spending of the additional amount of income. MPS is the change of savings per change in income.
a). since mps = .2
and income = $1000
therefore the amount consumed =1000-(0.2*1000)
=$800.
the consumer will save $200 after an expenditure of $800. Don't use plagiarised sources.Get your custom essay just from $11/page
b). m =20%
required reserve= 0.2 *1000 = $200
excess reserve =$1000 – $200
=$800
Since MPS =0.2, and income is $1
then change in savings is given by (1/0.2 * $800)=$ 4000
increase $4000 -$1000
=$3000
QUESTION TWO.
Supply shocks are events in the market that suddenly affect the supply of a good or service as a result of price increase and or shortage of products in the market. this result in a shift in supply curve. Adverse supply shocks negatively affect the supply of a commodity. They cause the supply curve to move to the supply curve to the left e.g. increase in prices. On the other hand, favorable supply shocks positively affect the supply of a commodity, shifting the supply curve to the right. Favorable supply shocks result in low supply and excess demand of commodities. One of the all-time supply shock in the U.S economy is the oil price shocks. They cause a stagflation as the increase in the oil prices causes increase in taxes which mainly end up to the oil producers.
QUESTION THREE
a). A true statement. When the prices of products in the economy increase, consumers will reciprocate by buying less. Interest rates on borrowing will also increase as consumers will tend to buy commodities which they afford the interest rates if they were to borrow in order to buy them. Additionally foreign trade will reduce because when the products have a higher price, consumers will product will tend to buy products and local products will rarely be bought.
b). True statement. a budget deficit is a measure of a country with a healthy financial stability which occurs when the government expenditure exceeds its total revenue collected. a budget deficit is corrected through an increase in of revenue generation sources and reduction of the government expenditure.
c). This statement is false. Credit cards, debit cards and ATMs are the commonly used in deposit accounts and savings accounts when transacting. Thus, a credit card is an item of M1 and M2 in measurement of money supply.
d).False statement. despite money being the ultimate measure of value and wealth, it cannot be the perfect measure of value at any given time. Different countries have their own currency which differ in value. the value of a property in US Dollars would not be of the same value in Euros or sterling pounds. another thing is money is prone to inflation. If the supply of money is in excess, then its valueless at that moment.
QUESTION FOUR
Economy may not always yield what is expected, there must arise some shortcomings in realizing the real GDP when it falls under the potential GDP. thus the government employs the fiscal policies which have the following tools.
GOVERNMENT SPENDING.
The government should cut its expenditure to the public so that they can reduce money supply from the public. The aggregate demand curve shifts to the right where the prices go down and the products produced. As s results a higher GDP is realized.
RAISING INCOME TAXES.
Increase in income tax rates reduces the amount of money supply in the economy. Purchasing power within the consumers as their disposable income is not much. The demand for products will go down as income will be low. As a result demand for products declines. Additionally production will be increased in the economy thus GDP will increase. The aggregate demand curve will shift towards right.
INCREASE IN CORPORATION TAXES
Businesses taxes will be increased so as to reduce their profit margin which results to higher money supply in the economy. Thus when the their tax rates are increased, their purchasing power for products will reduce leading to lower demand of products. This shift the aggregate demand curve to the right which is prove of increased GDP.
Monetary policy is the action taken by n the federal reserve and central banks to regulate the supply of money and inflation. Tools used in monetary policy are interest rates, selling and buying of government securities. To realize the real GDP of a country will include constructional monetary policies. They include;
SELLING OF GOVERNMENT SECURITIES AND EQUITIES IN OPEN MARKETS.
The central bank conducts open market where it sells some of the government securities such as bonds and treasury bills. This is done to reduce the supply of money from the public. This increase the GDP of the country through revenue collection.
INCREASE OF INTEREST RATES.
Consumers ought not to borrow due to high rate Impose by commercial banks thus reducing supply of money in the economy resulting to low purchasing power and low demand for produced products.
BANK RESERVE REGULATION
The central bank may also require to a have a certain maximum reserve(requirement reserve) for all commercial banks and other financial institution. Reserve regulation reduces the rate at which the banks lend to their customers.
CONCLUSION
Its the role of the government to ensure there exist a stable economy for the business cycle to survive. Thus the government comes in through spending to reduce the cost of production and art the same time imposes taxes to reduce inflation. The federal reserve works for the government to manage money supply in the economy.
works cited
Adams, Richard H. Precautionary Savings From Different Sources Of Income. 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, Poverty Reduction Group, 2002.
Gross, Tal, Matthew J Notowidigdo, and Jialan Wang. The Marginal Propensity To Consume Over The Business Cycle. 1st ed.
Pentecost, Eric and Paul Turner. “Demand And Supply Shocks In The Caribbean Economies: Implications For Monetary Union”. The World Economy 33.10 (2010): 1325-1337.