Laissez-faire and socialism in the United States in 1865 and 1915.

Laissez-faire and socialism in the United States in 1865 and 1915.

Nativism.

The idea of nativism emerged after significant immigration to the United States. Nativism was an ideology meant to promote the interest to the native inhabitants living in the US from an immigrant who was widely viewed as outsiders.  Nativism valued white Americans over immigrants and was majorly propagated to reject the extensive influence to favor the local’s customs and practices. Nativist created a sense of fear among the local terming foreigners as a threat to their development

Why did the idea emerge?

In the century, immigration to the US reached its peak.  Immigrants were a significant factor in the US economy in 1920. The primary focus on media targeted them as they appeared in newspapers. Many people were seeking the American dream.  The forging ideas and culture became a significant attraction to man Americans, the growing diversity that was becoming a threat to the native-born American. The new languages, customs, and religion brought by the immigrant were a threat .hence; this triggered anxiety resulting in racial animosity (Beveridge 56). Thus, the idea of nativism emerged to counter these threats. After the civil war of 165 saw a divided north and south, Abraham Lincoln wanted to stop slavery. Even though the war ended, blacks faced racism; they did not permit to vote in the south. KuKluxKlan 1866 sexual and political violence intimating republican black

What “problems” did they seek to address?

Nativist movements such as know nothing or the American party formed in 1850 were formed to address immigrant influx. These movements emerged to protect the Native Americans from foreigners who were perceived to have come and was taking over their rightful place in America. The local Americas had to compete with forgivers in job markets. Anti-Asian movement in America fought for preferential rights to be given to the Native Americans. One of their fears being that industries owners were likely to prefer the foreigners who were known, hard workers. Additionally, nativism ideologies emerged to protect Native Americans from unfair labor practices such as low wages.  As a result, the government passed restrictive measures and laws that imposed quotas by national origin .this was a strategy used to stem immigrants who came from the south seeking to enter the US. (Twain 78). It is the negative sentiment by many native-born Americans held towards immigrants that saw the development of nativism movements. The movements majorly meant to respond to the urbanization problems more so the threats of immigrants in cities.  The nativism challenged cultural changes and quality of life, which was blamed by the effects of immigration.

Lassez-Faire capitalism

The industrial progress produced a new set of ideologies among the elite individuals who advocated for various interests. Lassez-Faire capitalism advocated for competition and freedom as the core ideological principles. Lassie-Faire capitalism often refers to the free market, which translates to mean no restrictions. The race was the critical principle of laissez-faire capitalism. They advocated for the free flow of economy and demand without any restrictions from the government.

Why did the idea emerge?

During the industrial revolution, the economy was restrictive. Thus, the few elites adopted the concept of Laissez-faire to gain control of wealth.  Economists, such as John Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Robber Barons, manipulated trade and influenced the government to adopt this strategy as they believed will improve the economy(Carneige217). However, their again aim was to gain control over the economy. Lassez-Faire capitalism emerged as a way of dominating and accumulating wealth by controlling all businesses such as railroads, timber, steel, and textile industries.  Laissez-faire wanted to accumulate wealth by limiting government support towards the poor.

What “problems” did they seek to address?

Lassez-Faire capitalists wanted to maintain their luxury status. Thus, they created unevenness in wealth distribution. Lassez-Faire capitalism coined the idea that the free market was ideal o the growth of the economy. They are stating that ” hard work, individualism, and character” (Carneige207).  Where essential national virtues of being held citizens;  thus, using Lassez-Faire ideologies, many people would benefit from the free market. They advocated for the free flow of economy and demand without any restrictions from the government. They also encourage individual responsibility as a way of accelerating the economy and reducing poverty. Thus had the idea that every person needed to be responsible for their well being. Therefore, people were discouraged from relying on the government for support. However, their primary aim was to ensure that the elite accumulated more wealth than any other group.  Lassez-Faire capitalists instead dominated these markets accumulating wealth as they worked toward the concentration of wealth. The wealthy business community believed that by acting on self-interest, they could work hard to improve the economy. Thus, they worked towards gaining more income to hire more workers. A monopoly was a common practice as one company could take over the market.  The wealthy invested their capital in huge corporations to produce products and services that could be offered to people. Such growth was meant to gain more power to monopolize the industry.

Socialism

Socialism was in idea coined from the existing inequities in the US during the gilded age.  The soc ideologies are about seeking equality in all shapes of life. Socialist calls for the public but not private ownership of properties. Socialist ideologies believe incorporation among individuals to improve the economy. Thus, anyone is expected to be a productive member o society.

Why did the idea emerge?

The industrial revolution came with several changes. The elites dominated these markets, accumulating wealth as they worked towards the concentration of wealth. Therefore, socialist emerged as a response to the threats by the capitalist system.  Socialism was viewed by many as the avenue for creating a democratic society whereby public ownership was preferred. Socialist disapproved of ideologies of the free market and opposed domination and unfair practices. Notably, Robber Barons are some of the few individuals who accumulated wealth by exploiting workers. He used his power and wealth to influence government leaders. Thus, they did not pay much attention to safety standards and never followed any worker’s regulation.  John Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Robber Barons became dominant business individuals who benefited from the Laissez-faire economy. The three dominated American economy is controlling all businesses such as railroads, timber, steel, and textile industries. As a result, other actions the American economy suffered significantly, leading to the great depression in the coming years. Thus, Industrial changes implied social changes. Socialism progress seeked to address the inequalities in America. Wealth was concentrated among a few individuals. The wealthy elites misused their powers to exploit the working class. Thus socialism sleeked to address equality in the labor market and equal opportunities for everyone regardless of their racial or ethnic background. Many writers like Henry George advocated for social reforms condemned inequality between “the wealthy few and improvised many,” (George 56), terming the process as a harmful development of America’s new industrial age. The rapid progress in America during this period industrial was more of gaining material power.  The free market system was not open for socialist because few individuals controlled the economy, thus misused power to oppress others. The Social movement emerged during 1901   to advocate or collectivism of means of production. Many changes advocated for democracy and diverseness; thus, immigrants, families, farmers, and middle-class intellectuals saw the need to join demonstrations to fight for their fundamental rights…

What “problems” did they seek to address?

The concentration of wealth and power with thousands being employed business boom meant corporation belittle in those of high states as the concretion grew most businesses joined forces. Manufacturers combined to regulate prices or use the power of government. As quoted by Henry George, “Capitalism tends to corrupt government and takes it out of control, “nothing is more timorous than a million-dollar –except two million dollars.”(George 76). George stated that great wealth support influenced the government. Most business owners did not support reforms for fear of change. They bought off those in power by direct inference that aggregated the weak. The corrupt government could not make policies related to trade.

 Populisms

Populism was an idea that emerged to promote the economic conditions of farmers and the general terms of all citizens.  Populists fought for the rights of farmers who were oppressed by government actions.  The populist movement emerged because of the need to have a more excellent voice in the political sphere. In America.  Populism was a movement that advocated for people at the lower level.

Why did the idea emerge?

The populist party of 1892 emerged to oppose capitalism, they advocated for national ideologies where people had a more excellent voice in politics. They also advocated for gold standards whereby borrowing money was to be lowered.  Additionally, populists supported for direct election of a senator and better working hours, which should be 8 hours for all laborers. The populist initiated a referendum to change laws that would benefit the majority. People continued to work longer hours lacked medical benefits, with little safety regulations being in place. Women we retreated unfairly with pregnant women being dismissed without compensation. Despite workers seeing the need to unite to demand change, their efforts did not go far. They lacked wealth, education, and political power like Cagier and other wealthy business owners needed in America during this period to make any useful changes.  The American economy depended on farming. The shift to industries paused challenge to many people. Workers from other parts of the world more so immigrants agreed to work for more hours. Despite the labor union representation, the influence of power, wealthy owners limited labor union activities. As a result, exploitation continued as child labor became a rampant effect. Efforts to have a national organization were faced with several changes and the government blocked their shots.  Political reforms between 1880 to 1890, was another attempt to limit the power of business owners who had grown to be influential individuals. Political parties were influenced by opposing views.  One of the notable periods was the farmer’s revolt with the economic crisis affecting the country.  The American dream was a widely perceived idea during the early centuries. Immigrates moved to industrial towns to seek better lives to achieve the American goal. Many people hoped for a fulfilling life. They were having a family owning houses and other prosperities. However, it made it impossible to achieve these dreams, even among the local farmers.

What “problems” did they seek to address?

During the reconstruction period, racial segregation limited movement of black people and practices of slavery were rampant.  Many farmers wanted for government attention to intervene since the market was majorly controlled by wealthy individuals who influenced prices and services. Andrew Johnson did not like the republicans, who were significant from the upper class.  One of the notable periods was the farmers blamed the production sector, especially rail owners’ landowner’s companies, and merchants.  Most farmers had lost the American dream. They did not receive what they had worked for. Prices were low and could not make any lucrative income from farming. The organized a strategy to respond to these changes. William Jennings was a democrat candidate proposed to bring the desired changes.

Imperialism

Imperialism is referred to as the economic, military, and cultural influence of the United States. American is known for extending its power and influence through inflecting through colonization or military force. Imperialism occurs due to the economic or cultural as it represents power. For example, cultural imperialism is evident in the food industry, whereby humbugged is widely accepted in many parts of the world, including Qatar.

Why did the idea emerge?

With America seeing the need to expand its powers, the manifest destiny was coined as an idea to exact force. Foreign policies drove imperialism ideas. Thus, political intervention emerged. The manifest destiny was a phrase used to state that the US was destined by God to save other nations. Therefore they were supreme. The idea led to territorial expansion to justify the removal of native and other groups from their land — the panic of 1893, whereby people feared the new development in America where immigrants had taken over. The wanted to look for better properties. A national drive saw the manifest destiny popularized territorial expansion. The US wanted to exert control n the world.  However, president Rooselvt talked of the why man’s burden “(Lecture notes) as the reason for invading other countries. The US The manifest destiny saw a brutal war between the Spanish, Philippines, and Hawaii. American imperialism was evident when they annexed Hawaii in 1898 as they gained oppression of their harbor, and ports to exact control.

What “problems” did they seek to address?

The US invasion in other parts of the world was a strategy to exact power. The government wanted to address the territorial problem and its overpopulation. The country wished to acquire more land and fulfill the manifest destiny, which was more of accruing more wealth than saving other propel from their government. The US believed that liberates Cuba. They were in better hands. The main reason for invading Cuba in 1898 was greed.  The US was seeking the lands as Cuba fought for independence. The US intervened to help them but had a hidden intention.  The Spanish war is more of direct imperialism because Americans intended to take over the Spanish colonies, but not liberate these nations.

Anti-imperialism.

Anti-imperialism was a movement that opposed the US influence; the movement lured people with new ideologies by promoting moral action and focusing on addressing public concerns.  , thus opposed colonies.  Carnegie and Mark Twain advocated for the need to win the hearts and minds of Americans by promoting independence,   building schools, hospital, and creating jobs. However, a significant divide between military ideologies and soul and mind ideas exited among many citizens.

Why did the idea emerge?

The movement originated in Europe to oppose megrims, especially the US occupation of the Philippines after 1898. However, the movement gained popularity among the colonies in the mid-century as it acted as an inspiration for colonies that fought for independence.  Anti-imperialism was more of a national liberation movement that helped decolonization (Twain 56)

What “problems” did they seek to address?

The anti-imperialist movement was formed after the US invasion in the Philippines. Members cited the attack and immoral. Members such as Andrew Carnegie and Mark Twain advocated for giving back independence to colonies. However, the Spanish war was the peak of FO Anti-imperialism. The movement opposed the occupation of Cuba after America invaded the country in 1898. America joined the Spanish to rescue Cuban. However, they use the war to possess these countries (lecture notes).  The US government refused to grant independence to the Philippines. Rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo resisted American occupying forces.  The guerilla war was opposed by anti Implerist because many lives were lost.  Anti-imperialism opposed the suppression of the independence of American colonies.

Progressive

Urbanization led to more significant inequalities in America. Thus progressive movement emerged to fight for equality. The reconstruction period saw many groups being excluded in development projects as they were considered outsiders. However, political groups used progressives wanted to maintain their schedule. Thus progressive movement fought for equal rights.  Political members welcomed immigrants and gave them voting rights. However, not much was done to improve immigrants living conditions. They lived in ghettos such as china town. The 1882 Law restricted Chinese immigration. middle-class urban professional wanted to rule  to make progressive changes to the economy and social welfare Jane Adam, Margret  Sanger advocated democracy and right for women  and  advocated for birth control, and abortion (lecture notes)

Why did the idea emerge?

Bill Clinton was against torture and advocated for human rights.  African Americans progressive leaders such as   Booker T Washington pushed for civil rights. William E.B Dubios fought for equal power among the black community forming the association for advanced for colored. The middle-class was dissatisfied by the government exclusion from essential services. They collected money to file lawsuits to change the constitution. However, the group was meant with resistance they faced intimidation, from white supremacist .progressive had division among themselves, they disagreed on several issues such, class religion and ideologies.  . However, progressive reformers such as Jane Adam built houses for middleclass and woemn immigrant offering basic services such as medical care. Progrsive era welcomed immigrant   but face the wrath of Ku Klux Khan, anti black and anti progressive movement.

What “problems” did they seek to address?

The economic growth meant double production which made a huge impact in the south. The south wanted to improve its economy, hence maintained slavery as an act to gainmore wealth. Mark Twain advocated for freedom and equality stated that “history does not repeat itself but it rhyme “(Twain 42), to oppose segregation in the south. Persistent discrimation was evident Americ especially in the south where the government impose policies to oppress black even the frrredslaves could not posses land. During reconstruction prid the benefited ad they sytemticalinetd black. As a roust republic moderates saw the need and sympathize with black .the divisonamon the republicans helped acelrate the abolition ofslavery. Andrew Johsnon ascended to power and accepted Abraham Lincoln 13^th amendment that babbed slavery. Being from a low class, Andrew did not like the upper-class and sympathized with blacks. He gave black more rights by amending 14th amendment giving black rights to vote. Howevr, Freedman opposed these moves instead bought land and sold them to blcksgivingthem cheap loans .the progressive movemtn seeked to address some of the persistent injustices.

Feminism

Feminism was the idea of fighting for equality for women. Feminism movement called for the right of women to vote. Women suffrage associated Chapman Catt used tactics such as going from town to town, state to state before changing the entire country.  She used various actions top to protest against limited women’s rights. Feminists argued that women paid taxes hence, had the right to vote (Beveridge 42). Her efforts resulted in the passage of the 19the amendment granting women the right to vote.

Why did the idea emerge?

During the 1800 and early 1900, women were considered as subordinates and did not have any rights or say in several spheres. Gender inequality was rampant as women entered the workforce; they were given lower wages as compared to men. Women had no voting rights; thus, the way FO social reforms made women see the need for being involved in all spheres of life. Women feminists believed that they had the right to vote since the government took taxes from them; thus, they needed a voice of representation in Congress. Men did not believe in inequality; therefore, they held traditional gender roles, arguing that politics was improper for women. However, women wanted to get represented. Women opposing men were discriminated against. The female activist perceived as s threat to societal norms. Men termed women who advocated for voting rights that they would eventually “grow beards” (Beveridge 42). Women feminists challenged their traditional role of implosion women.

What “problems” did they seek to address

The feminist movement led by the National American Woman Suffrage Association, was dedicated to women’s rights.  They organized boycotts and strikes; they succeed in severalties

Like Colorado in1920, women got to vote. Women’s movement argued that they deserved to get represented if they were taxed. Alice Paul faced stigma for being a radical. During 1870, women activists attempted to vote at polling stations in an attempt to compel the government to grant them the right to vote.

Social Darwinism 

Social Darwinism applied Charles Darwin’s evolution theory to justify the economic differences between the rich and the poor. The biological concept advocated for natural selection within all spheres of life.  Meaning that the idea of survival for the fittest pervaded social, political, and other economic dimensions. Social Darwinism ideology encouraged wealth accumulation among the elites because of their advantage over others. They believed that only the strong should be given the opportunity because of their hard work. Thus, they had the right to gain more wealth as compared to the weak that should get punished for not working hard. Social Darwinism advocates used their wealth status to determine how wealth is supposed to distribute. The poor were termed as unfit and should not be aided by anyone, including the government because aid would encourage laziness.  Thus, the class differentiae emerged between the categories of people separating the rich from the poorer. Social Darwinism ideologies believed in wealth as a sign of great success and happiness. However, this was a privilege to be enjoyed by the few selected people. Thus wealth was only for those who dissevered it.

Why did the idea emerge?

Social Darwinism emerged in the late nineteenth century during the significant economic and political expansion. The elite scholars crafted the idea of Darwinism, the benefit themselves they upper class used the ideology to extend their economic power using scenic justification. These resulted in an inequity gap between the rich and the poor. Even though Andrew Carnegie Darwinism ideas, he gained government handouts. Quoting that “poverty is your fault “(Carnegie 204).  He believed in hard work, individualism, and character. He widely advocated private charity boot public because he thought that charity should give people the opposing to grow wealth, however not for the poor people. After all, charity to them encouraged laziness. Carnegie advocated from proper disposal of what he termed as the surplus of wealth. He bestowed charity as ways of considering helping those who were willing to help themselves; this was what he conspired as the best approach in which those who desired to improve would do so.

These are the same period that labor unions emerged to solve economic problems facing the country. However, the unions met with resistance from the business community who feared change. Additionally, control of power was evident during this period, as many labor unions could not achieve any tangible progress. Many individuals who supported laisse-fair ideologies existed within the judicial system. Thus, the justice system was corrupt as wealthy business people bought justice. However, better progress made when the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 enacted to protect consumers from greedy business owners. As a result, he predicted that conflict would arise among employers and employees According to Andrew, “not evil but good has to come from the accumulation of wealth by those who have had the ability and energy to produce it’. Most of the wealthy individuals feared reforms because any policy would create imbalance, making them lose power and control of wealth. They influenced most political processes, including sponsoring political individuals to influence all political processes. They changed any process of common law that meant to restrain trade.

What “problems” did they seek to address

Social Darwinism emerged in the late 1800s in which Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection used to justify particular political, social, or economic views. Unlike Laisser-faire capitalism, social Darwin’s mused the ideologues of natatorium lection defend the political, social, and economic strata during those times. Those in support of social Darwinism argued that hard work was the key to improve the lives of Americans. Thus, the poor were not justified in being aided by the government because they were lazy. Therefore, wealth was not for lazy people, but for only those who we refit to acquire it.  Social Darwinist applied Darwin’s theory to describe the poor as weaker species who ought to die since they were unfit in society. Most supports of social Darwinism justified economic inequalities that existed among the different classes in America. For them, the poor did not deserve as they could not prosper. Many businesses and the wealthy individual did not support sock Darwinism theories instead of prefers competition and Laissez-faire approach. During this period saw amebic and experience greed, coCorruptionith many people enjoying massive wealth at the expense of the poor.

Social Darwinism emerged in the late nineteenth century during the significant economic and political expansion. The elite scholars crafted the idea of Darwinism, the benefit themselves they upper class used the ideology to extend their economic power using scenic justification. These resulted in an inequity gap between the rich and the poor. Andrew Carnegie advocated private charity boot public because he thought that charity should give people the opposing to grow wealth, however not for the poor people. After all, charity to them encouraged laziness. Carnegie advocated from proper disposal of what he termed as the surplus of wealth (Carnegie 168). He bestowed charity, a way of considering helping those who were willing to help themselves; this was what he conspired as the best approach in which those who desired to improve would do so.

Social Darwinism caused great division in America. The gap between the middle, the upper, and the poor widened. The upper-class during the Gilded Age lived a hard life, with many people working for low wages .many people toiled in factories returning home late. The living conditions worsened as people viewed in crowded housing units, even with the expansion of industries.  With new jobs ironing up, the middle class emerged to foster growth among the middle class. The gospel of wealth became a term used by the middle class to appropriate the accumulated wealth. Carnegie questioned how wealth should be applied; he believed that the rich should only redistribute wealth to those who are capable and can improve their status (Carnegie 198).  He opposed the idea of giving the poor for him aiding the poor interfered with Social Darwinist ideologies, which could prevent progress in the society. Most Darwinist believed in minting the status up as they believed that iniquities were necessary because it was a natural consequence of the community. Thus, only recommend philosophic activities to improve the lives of the upper class to accumulate more wealth without much consideration for other courses; he used his wealth to the dissevering poor. Carnegie spent his money as a wealthy individual who only donated to mouthy causes.  He only gave his wealth if he considered it would produce the most beneficial results of the community.  As a result, Carnegie gave millions of dollars in his lifetime for libraries and schools with other wealthy individuals donating toward education and arts.

In opposing the ideas of Social Darwinism, labor unions emerged to protect workers. Labour unions argument taking their property money business with vast confines that controlled the market hired people to look for labor union leaders or find some dirt about them. Many labor unions took the profit out of workers. Labour is not just greedy people who want money; it was more about control and power. The labor union emerged due to inequalities.

Social Darwinism limited the progress of labor unions, insights, and coCorruptionnd influence, and government inference made it imposable for a labor union to fight for workers’ rights. The first labor union was established in the early century and gained momentum during the gilded age due to unskilled week’s factory. These workers included mine; actor f joined unions in the hope of improving their bargaining power. However, weak laws made it illegal for workers to have collective bargaining power. Thus, the judge did not compel industry owners and the lathy businessmen to negotiate with labor unions. The philosophies of Darwinism majorly influenced

government, many governments supported free and from all and survival for the fittest.

Even though workers attempted to use organized strikes through unions, the government was willing to intervene to prevent attacks as it believed it would affect the economy. The emergence of trade unions knows naps the woollies funded in 1905, opposed the idea of Calais, and the refusal of the inclusion of skilled workers in craft unions. It advocated for farmers being the biggest trade union in America; the association influenced politics in America as it was a revolutionary organization. The organization received support from the socialist party increased its popularity. Like most trade unions, the wobbliest encouraged is member’s t fight for economic injustices.

As a result, they organized and led industrial and political strikes. They are advocating for the removal of the capitalist system. Their efforts bore little progress. Unlike the Knights of labor, a movement founded in 1869 as the firth labor organization, the knight was more organized, representing both unskilled and skilled workers. They advocated for fewer working hours, as many workers often subjected to 8 hours of the workday. As a result, the American Federation of Labor formed.  The American federal labor experienced major division despite its attempts to make significant reforms. The internal quarrel caused by leadership problems made the union not to be effective in addressing workers’ plights. Most workers who joined the new union believed that their living and working conditions would be improved immediately, but this was not the case.