Childhood Development
Compare and contrast physical growth in early and middle childhood?
In early childhood (2-6 years), children undergo developments in brain, motor and health. There is growth in height and weight at this stage. Also, children develop both fine and gross motor skills, such as writing or drawing. They also become healthier with a bit more medical complications. In middle childhood (7-11 years), physical changes in children make them more athletic. Bones and muscles become broader; girls are smaller than boys are. Brain and nervous system continue to develop at this stage. There is a refinement in motor skills in middle childhood. Children begin to love jumping, leaping, climbing or catching and can play games like baseball, karate or gymnastics. Besides, there is less frequency of early childhood diseases as children become even healthier. However, they are at risk of other complications such as child obesity and ADHD.
Self-reflection: What are your views on why ADHD diagnoses and rates of childhood obesity have increased? What are the solutions?
ADHD is a risk factor for child obesity. The level of exposure to children to risk factors of ADHD and child obesity is the reason for the prevalence of the two diseases. The appropriate steps should be taken to minimize those cases. Medical and behavioural interventions can help in the treatment of the patients. The other people exposed to risk factors should be educated on preventive measures such as healthy diets and exercising regularly. Don't use plagiarised sources.Get your custom essay just from $11/page
What is the recommended treatment for ADHD?
Treatments for ADHD involves both medications and psychotherapies. Medications include stimulants and non-stimulants. Psychotherapies used to treat ADHD are behavioural therapies, cognitive development therapies, parenting skills training, family therapies, stress management interventions, support groups, specific interventions of classroom behaviour management in the patient.
According to Piaget, what cognitive gains are made during the Concrete Operational Stage?
Concrete Operational Stage gives the following cognitive gains to children conservation, seriation and logical thinking. At this stage, children mature enough to use rational thoughts. They also understand conservation, which is the fact that an item remains the same in quantity even if its appearance changes. Seriation is the ability of children to arrange things along with quantifiable characteristics such as height and weight.
Describe the four peer statuses and potential outcomes in adolescence and adulthood about each
Popular children are liked for their positivity. Antisocial popular are aggressive and can cause harm to gain popularity while prosocial popular are good listeners and communicators. These characteristics are carried through to adolescence and adulthood. Other children dislike rejected children. They are likely to engage in drug abuse and delinquency in the future. However, there is no guarantee that they will lead such lives. Neglected children are mainly ignored by their peers. Such children are likely to be reasonably skilled socially, which can carry on to adolescence and adulthood. Controversial children have mixed outcomes as they receive both positives and negatives from peers.
What are some immediate consequences of divorce?
Divorce is likely to lead to sharp drops in income, especially in households that are driven by mothers. In other families, there is a likelihood of conflicts among family members as they strive to adapt to their stress in different ways. Another likely consequence changes in the style of parenting.
How does a child’s response to divorce vary according to age and gender?
Young children are likely to blame themselves, while older ones could have a better understanding of such situations. Older children might have different reactions, such as taking up adult-like roles or run away and end up in drug abuse and sexual activities. Girls are more likely to react by internalizing the situation, cry and withdraw from people. Boys respond behaviorally and might indulge in risky behaviours.
Describe all three levels of Kohlberg’s moral development theory
The theory has three levels of moral development: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional.
Pre-conventional – The theory affirms that at this stage, there is proper development in the ability of control of external morals such as rewards and punishments. The reasoning behind this is that to children, bad behaviours can lead to penalties, while good morals can lead to rewards. This kind of ideology is focused on a given individual.
Conventional reasoning – This focuses on societal and social rules that govern behaviour. In this case, obedience to authorities and parents is highly considered as the right thing to do. Other values that are considered right at this reasoning level are kindness, justice, abiding by rules, politeness and appropriate behaviour. This reasoning focuses on other people, such as families and friends.
Post-conventional reasoning – this emphasizes the ability to control internal behaviours such as conscience. It requires an individual to make personal conclusions from situations with their conscience or cultural considerations. This reasoning level focuses on something more than individuals and groups.