Media Exposure And Subjective Fear of Attack

Media Exposure And Subjective Fear of Attack

Abstract

The paper focus is on the topic of media exposure and subjective fear of attack in the United Kingdom (UK). It conducts an in-depth analysis of the literature review available on the subject of fear of crime. Additionally, the paper undertakes a literature review outlining the relationship between fear of crime and the emergence of terror. The methodology focuses on the analysis of secondary data already available. In the same way, the problem targeted include increase in fear due to crime, and their relation to terrorism. The objective is to come up with recommendations that would facilitate an understanding of the current situation. The outlined guidance facilitates the formulation of interventions by policymakers and technology experts as they formulate steps that will minimize the spread of threats and the emergence of terror organizations. Resources utilized include authentic information from peer-reviewed journals from Google scholar and other libraries. The study requires minimal human resources. Finally, the document outlines some significant findings on the research done. The conclusion summarises some of the results.

Introduction

Global Security is being shaped by the emergence of advanced technology that facilitates telecommunication. The advancement posses challenge to national intelligence agencies as they have to cope up with changing trends. Improve communication through the use of the internet is bringing about new ways of spreading hate messages that bring about terror. As a consequence, there has been an increased number of terror groups such as the Islamic state.

These groups pose a threat to healthy global trends, which results in uncertainties. The paper, therefore, takes an in-depth analysis of the emerging technologies that facilitate the spread of such threats. Other areas that are being targeted include the impact of social media on global insecurity. An in-depth analysis of the effects of websites such as Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter is analyzed. Some fundamental theories such as  and concepts I brought in to give an insight into the idea of terrorism both globally and that within the United Kingdom

Literature review

Over the last three decades, there has been an exponential growth in crime and terror-related events (Macklin, 2019: 17). The growth is attributed to the increased adoption of social media and communication technology. The threats have been underrated because, ideally, measures that targeted to detect crime and review of alternatives have not received much-deserved attention by governments (Simeon, 2019: 5). According to Simeon (2019: 5), researchers target coming up with documentation that explains available options for managing fear due to crime and the emergence of terrorism in this digital age.

Ideally, technology facilitates communication, and this targets not only civil engagement but also those within terror groups. Over the past decade, Facebook and Twitter have been used as platforms for recruiting members who pledge allegiance to ideologies and leadership of specific criminal organizations. These groups participate in crime at different levels. As Macklin (2019: 17) outlines, these events can be categorized based on severity. They range from minimal incidence to one of a global scale. As an example, terror organizations that have been quashed, such as Al-Qaeda under the leadership of Osama bin Laden, brought about the 9/11 terror attack in the United Kingdom, and even that is considered to be on a global scale.

The attack did send shockwaves around the world, and it serves as an example of a significant crime (Lin, 2019: 134). By definition, crime is an illegal act for which a government can punish an individual (Rothe and Medley, 2019: 89). It involves a gross violation of the law and aggressive offense against morality and deliberate engagement in criminal activity (Mahmood and Jetter, 2020: 129). There are a total of seven elements of the crime, and they include intent, concurrence, concession, harm, and punishment.

Generally, the crime involves a severe violation of human law, and now researchers are trying to find out the link between emerging technology and crime rates. Social media websites facilitate the increase in crime and a rise in terrorism. According to Rothe and Medley (2019: 87), there is a direct correlation between internet penetration and the emergence of terror and crime-related events. The crime-related offenses can be linked to the adoption of vices that go against human laws.

Research questions

Research question. What is the relation between increase in internet use and the spread crime by citizens within the United Kingdom? The question focuses on negative actions that are done or purposefully by citizens of the United Kingdom. In a general sense, three areas are targeted and include the rise of fear of crime, the use of internet and cases of terrorism is outlined.

Answering these question provide insight into the role of the internet in fostering criminal offenses that can be categorized as acts of terror. Considering that terror and terrorism act target to instill fear, the study that targets to come up with a correlation between the use of Internet change in behavior and the installation of fear of crime is essential. Crime results are a small version of terrorism, but they both cause concern.

Methodology

The research related secondary data analysis to come up with an important concept that creates a link between the fear of crime and the emergence of terrorism in the digital age. The research extracts data from various data sources with the aim of creating new information through transformation, arithmetic formulas as well as aggregation. The derived or compiled data methodology help compile population data from crime stricken areas within the United Kingdom. Macklin (2019) and Simeon (2019), peer-reviewed information sources from Google Scholar, will act as the source of data. Simeon (2019) present different case scenarios, such as that by Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project and Hamdan v. Rumsfeld. It investigates cases that involved terror group and organizational strategies targeting individuals in different parts of the world, which is the UK and the United States of America.

With over 300 confessions, individuals are investigated in accordance with the Geneva conventions declarations with specific incorporation of the customary international law that stipulates the definition of crime and terrorism. The article clearly demonstrates decision-making processes that are involved in investigating cases that can be related to manipulation via the internet. Case scenario presented participants confession as a source of primary data

Derived research methodology also targets to give insight into the correlation between the emergence of digital interaction through the internet and the increase in crime rate. Philosophy about mind control by evil individuals over the internet is focused more on specifications targeting radicalization and targeted audience. There is evidence that within the United Kingdom, there has been manipulation of individuals through the use of different channels such as video games and propaganda spread using platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. Data points from various criminal events are used with the central focus being to come up with compiled information about the resurgence of criminal acts.

Different researchers and peer-reviewed journals are available in libraries. This documentation provides reliable insight into the fear of crime both in the United Kingdom and on a global scale. The method used targets to come up with a clear relation between the emergence of digital technology and an increase in fear of crime. Typically,  crime has facilitated the spread of information. Therefore, this document provides insight into the dissemination of information, changes in attitude and character of the masses, and the spread of Western culture (Zehr 2019: 345). The culture is often associated with openness and adoption of social media as a form of communication.

Problem statement

There has been a gradual rise in fear of crime in the last three decades (O’Hagan and Long 2019: 277). The trend has proven to be exponential, therefore requiring and formulation of deliberate effort that target to come up with solutions. The identify problem also spans both ethical and moral issues within society. The research, therefore, targets to come up with probable relation between the emergence of new technology and fear of crime in the United Kingdom and the world in general. Other areas include the role of racism, is malic extremism and radicalization and open discussions to increase fear and crime rate.

Objective

The objective of the study is to come up with concepts that target to improve understanding levels and causes of crime and its relation to emerging technology. The concept would go a long way in helping policymakers and technology experts come up with measures that minimize fear of crime and the emergence of terror groups. The United Kingdom is facing an increasing surge of several terror attacks. The overall objective is to minimize crime through the simulation of relevant ideas.

Resources

The primary resource used during the study is the internet. Ideally, the internet serves as a hub of authentic information. Google Scholar has peer-reviewed articles that cover both the United Kingdom and the world. Additionally, these reviewed articles clearly outline some of the concepts relating to an emergency in advanced technology change in character and response to crime. Minimal human resource is required to complete the study.

Findings

One finding that is evident is the direct correlation between advancement in technology and an increase of fear of crime. Additionally, there is a direct proportionality between the use of social media accounts and an increase in terror activities. There was a gradual change in the nature and character of individuals engaging in criminal activity. Crime is being redefined as social bullying over the internet is now a new source of a treat. Fear is increasing due to the increase in the spread of information as the internet has made the world to be a global village.

The use of the internet and social media, in general, has created a repository of information that holds potential value in deciphering intelligence. There has been an emergence of open-source researchers with a skillset geared towards analytical research. Private security agencies and government agencies are also using resources such as social media, the RSS feed, street maps to investigate cases of crime. These sources serve as evidence of the continued generation of crucial information that can be used as a source of intelligence.

There is a direct link between social media and cases of crime (Landon-Murray et al., 2019.p 513). Technologies are now being used to facilitate concept analysis in combination with automated information retrieval software (IRS) and natural language processing (NLP) tools that can be used as a collaborative platform for criminals of crime criminals. Organized crime is also using coded information and weak signals to collaborate with explaining the emergence of organized crime activity.

Advanced communication that is accurate, cheap, and fast promotes criminal activity and their success rates. When it comes to consideration of illicit narcotics, gun crime, modern slavery, and human trafficking, more cases have been reported, and all is attributed to increased efficiency in communication (Williams et al., 2020:p 94). An investigation into the correlation between the emergence of digital technologies that facilitate communication and cases of increased crime within the United Kingdom provides insightful research whose aim is to come up with ways that can be used to minimize the resurgence of crime.

Similarly, the use of social media is now incorporating artificial intelligence as a way to detect and extract specific information that can be used by government agencies to track and minimize cases of terrorist attacks and crime (Cartwright et al. 2019. P17). Even though government agencies are appreciating the need to adopt technology as a way to overcome increased crime terrorist, offenders are now figuring ways to bypass the implemented measures. An investigation into the success rate indicates that there is an evident reduction in crime due to the adoption of advanced technology by government agencies in the UK.

Conclusion

There is a clear there is a correlation between media exposure and subjective fear of attack within the United Kingdom. Research demonstrates that there is a gradual change in attitude towards crime that being spread. Generally, the adoption of technology facilitates the adoption of specific ideas, and as a consequence, technology experts and policymakers can play an active role in managing the concept being spread. The Direct correlation gives some insights that can be harnessed to jeopardize the spread of harmful vices and instead facilitate the spread of good ideas that target to minimize crime.

References

Cartwright, B., Nahar, L., Weir, G.R., Padda, K., and Frank, R., 2019. The Weaponization of Cloud-based Social Media. CLOUD COMPUTING, 2019, p.17.

Landon-Murray, M., Mujkic, E., and Nussbaum, B., 2019. Disinformation in contemporary US foreign policy: Impacts and ethics in an era of fake news, social media, and artificial intelligence. Public Integrity, 21(5), pp.512-522.

Lin, C., 2019. White Helmets–US Hybrid Warfare For Regime Change Operations. Berlin: Institut für Strategie-, Politik, Sicherheits-und Wirtschaftsberatung ISPSW. URL: http://www. css. ethz. ch/en/services/digital-library/publications/publication. html/b86bab11-7c53-4340-baf0-8d728d7180cd [Zugriffsdatum: 08.

Macklin, G., 2019. The Evolution of Extreme-Right Terrorism and Efforts to Counter It in the United Kingdom. CTC Sentinel, 12, pp.15-19.

Mahmood, R., and Jetter, M., 2020. Communications technology and terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64(1), pp.127-166.

O’Hagan, A., and Long, A., 2019. The socioeconomic effects of organized crime county lines on the United Kingdom community. Forensic Research and Criminology International Journal, 7(5), pp.274-280.

Rothe, D.L., and Medley, C., 2019. Beyond State and State‐Corporate Crime Typologies: The Symbiotic Nature, Harm, and Victimization of Crimes of the Powerful and Their Continuation. The Handbook of White‐Collar Crime, pp.81-94.

Simeon, J.C., 2019. The Evolving Common Law Jurisprudence Combatting the Threat of Terrorism in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. Laws, 8(1), p.5.

Williams, M.L., Burnap, P., Javed, A., Liu, H., and Ozalp, S., 2020. Hate in the Machine: Anti-Black and Anti-Muslim Social Media Posts as Predictors of Offline Racially and Religiously Aggravated Crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 60(1), pp.93-117.

Zehr, H., 2019. Crime and the development of modern society: Patterns of criminality in nineteenth-century Germany and France. Routledge.