Endocrinal diseases

Endocrinal diseases

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder that affects females in the reproductive age. The condition is highly prevalent amongst older women, though it also occurs in teenagers and young adults. In PCOS, the ovaries generate a lot of androgens (a male hormone), an aspect considered the condition’s first sign. Hence, the ovarian cells get filled with fluids, cysts, causing their enlargement and inability to produce ova (eggs). The historical examination comprises information on weight gain and changes in the menstrual cycle. A physical investigation will include checking for acne, insulin resistance, and excess hair growth. Symptoms of the disease include enlarged ovaries, missed, light or irregular periods, and skin tags (Franks, 2018).

Thin or dark skin patches at the back of the neck and weight gain around the belly are also symptoms of the disease. The risk factors are infertility, uterine cancer, type 2 diabetes, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and hypertension. Additional examinations comprise blood tests to measure, hormone, glucose, and cholesterol levels. An ultrasound may also be conducted to outline the uterine membrane thickness and ovary appearance. Drugs like Clomiphene, Metformin, and Letrozole, which sensitize insulin, also get administered. (Franks, 2018). In reducing hair growth, a doctor may recommend Spironolactone and Eflornithine. Lifestyle changes in managing the disease include weight loss with moderate exercise and low-calorie diet.

Leiomyomata (uterine fibroids)

Uterine fibroids are regular, non-cancerous growths present in the uterine walls. Ovarian hormones and individual generic make-up are some of the presumed causes of the disease. Fibroids are often detected during the regular pelvic examinations. The symptoms get depicted depending on the types of fibroid. For instance, submucosal fibroids present through heavy or prolonged periods with cases of clots leading to cramps (Mettler et al., 2017). Subserosal and intramural fibroids cause chronic pressure, lower back pain, frequent urination, pain during sex, and pelvic ache. Risk factors of fibroids include high blood pressure, obesity, vitamin D deficiency, family history of the disease, and intake of soybean milk.

In diagnosing the disease, tests like ultrasound and complete blood count can get conducted. Additional criteria include hysteroscopy, Contrast hysterosonography, Hysterosalpingography, and Magnetic resonance imaging are used to diagnose the condition. A permanent solution in treating fibroids is total hysterectomy. However, simpler mediums would include the administration of birth control pills like Synarel and Lupron. Endometrial ablation can also become used to reduce excessive bleeding alongside Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (Mettler et al., 2017).

Endometritis

Endometritis is an inflammatory condition that affects the uterine lining, identified through a pelvic examination. Causes include tuberculosis, Sexually Transmitted Infections like gonorrhea and chlamydia. Infection following the regular vaginal bacteria mix-up may also cause Endometritis. Risk factors are uterine scrapping, hysteroscopy, and Intrauterine Device placement (Valbuena Perilla, 2017). The symptoms comprise fever, abnormal vaginal bleeding and discharge, constipation, and pelvic pain. Bowel movement discomfort and abdominal swelling are also symptoms of the disease.

Regarding diagnosis, the doctor conducts a physical and pelvic examination in the cervix, uterus, and abdomen for discharge or tenderness. Endometrial biopsy, laparoscopy, or using a microscope to check the release can also get used, alongside a blood test. The blood tests include the White Blood Cell count. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate tests can also get conducted. Primarily, Endometritis gets treated using antibiotics, tissue removal, treating the abscess, and intravenous fluids in severe or complicated cases (Valbuena Perilla, 2017).

Adenomyosis

In Adenomyosis, cells growing outside the uterine lining curves or grows towards the muscles of the uterus. The risk factors of the disease become lined with age as it gets experiences among women aged 40-50 years. Additional risks include uterine surgery and pregnancy. Symptoms include heavy mensuration that also occurs between periods and pelvic pain. Bowel movement difficulties and pain during sex are also manifestations of the disease (Berlanda et al., 2015). The uterus may also become tender and enlarged alongside worsening crumps.

Diagnosis occurs through an ultrasound, MRI, and endometrial biopsy. Extra examinations may also include viewing the uterus through a microscope. In treatment, one can receive anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen. Others include hysterectomy, injectable medications, and hormonal medications. The hormonal therapies comprise contraceptive pills Depo-Provera injections, progestin Intrauterine Device. However, the disease is not life-threatening and disappears after a woman attains menopause (Berlanda et al., 2015).

References

Berlanda, N., Buggio, L., & Vercellini, P. (2015). Current Treatment for

Adenomyosis. Uterine Adenomyosis, 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13012-5_12

Franks, S. (2018). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases, 451-

455. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.03910-6

Mettler, L., Deenadayal-Mettler, A., & Alkatout, I. (2017). Uterine Fibroids and Effect on

Fertility. Uterine Fibroids, 49-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58780-6_2

Valbuena Perilla, D. (2017). Sensibility and specificity of the molecular vs. classical

diagnosis of chronic Endometritis. https://doi.org/10.26226/morressier.5912d9e9d462b80292386d99