Literature Review on Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Coronary heart disease (CHD) develops due to a complicated medical condition brought about by the narrowing of coronary arteries. The main work of coronary arteries is to supply oxygen and blood to the heart hence failure to carry out their functions leads to CHD. According to the Centers for Disease Control (2019), coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in America. In particular, there is one CHD death every 37 seconds leading to approximately 647,000 annual deaths. In addition to that studies have been done concerning CHD, for example, a study by Park, Lee, and Han (2017) found that an increase in BMI increases the risk of CHD. In particular, the researchers found that underweight participants had an elevated risk of 19.7%, overweight people had an elevated risk of 50%, while obese participants had a risk of 96% compared to those with normal weight. On the other hand, a study by Gajalakshmi et al. (2018) established that BMI had an inverse relationship with CHD. The researchers found that BMI for persons with diabetes, an increase in BMI was not a risk factor of CHD
Annotated Bibliography (From Week 4)
- Centers for Disease Control. (2019). Heart Disease Facts. Retrieved From
https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm
The CDC is the official federal agency tasked with preventing and controlling diseases. The CDC also conducts research and keeps track of data of diseases. In this regard, data from CDC is official and reliable.
- Khan, S. S., Ning, H., Wilkins, J. T., Allen, N., Carnethon, M., Berry, J. D., … & Lloyd-Jones, D. M. (2018). Association of body mass index with the lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and compression of morbidity. JAMA cardiology, 3(4), 280-287.
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Other studies like Khan and colleagues conducted a study to determine the effect of weight status on life chances of having CHD. The researchers used a sample of 190 672 patients from 10 large US prospective cohorts who were followed from 1964 to 2015. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to approximate lifetime risks. The findings revealed that obese and overweight men and women had a higher CVD risk. In particular, for men and women, CVD risk was 1.21 and 1.32 for normal weight, 1.67 and 1.85 for overweight and, 3.14 and 2.53 for obesity, respectively.
Problem Statement
The main problem as to why alcohol consumption and the number of days engaged in an exercise in a week affect coronary heart disease is due to (BMI) which is in this case used as the study independent variable. According to Vögele et al, (2010), CHD determinants are related to both little or lack of physical activity and heavy dietary intake which results in excess fat storage in the adipose tissues resulting in coronary arteries blockage or blood clot resulting to CHD as illustrated. Also, CHD can be environmentally, behaviorally, psychologically, and genetically caused.
Research Question (RQ): To what extent does alcohol consumption and the number of days engaged in an exercise in a week affect coronary heart disease?
Null Hypothesis: There is no association between body mass index and coronary heart disease
Alternate Hypothesis: There is an association between body mass index and coronary heart disease
Significance of the study
This study will be important to CHD patients and those at risk of CHD due to their lifestyles like smokers, obese and drinkers.Overweight and obesity come with some economists, which are linked to health problems, thus increasing BMI, including coronary disease, obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, joint problems, and diabetes mellitus. All these health problems are either directly or indirectly have a financial impact. In public health, treatment and prevention of obesity are meant to address body weight with prevention as more preferred than treatment. The aim of preventing obesity is to maintain a bodyweight (BMI) that is stable over time; on the contrary, treatment of obesity treatment aims at losing body weight over time.