A SURVEY ON CYBERSECURITY ATTACKS ENABLED MICRO GRID HYBRID DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES WITH EFFECTIVE APPROACHES

Abstract

The Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and its respective load interconnection established the microgrid that can able to function in grid-connected levels and an islanded based on the group of directional overcurrent relays. The utilization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) established reliable energy resources, eco-friendly for energy storage, and a convenient approach for microgrid based protection issues. The interconnected microgrid enables the overcurrent relay across the distributed energy resources for the active fault of the short circuits removal process along with the low voltage and medium voltage. The cyber-physical attacks in the microgrids, cyber threat model, cyber system model, and cyber protection along with the distributed energy resources (DER). The prevention, detection, and response of the microgrid enabled cyberattack threats desirable as the primary relay overcurrent management. In this paper, we overviewed the topics of the cybersecurity attacks based on cyber-physical threat modeling, the protection of the microgrids, and the large scale deployment of DER with the respective power systems of the microgrids.

Key Words: Microgrid, Distributed Energy Resources (DER), cybersecurity attacks, cyber-physical threat modeling.

1. INTRODUCTION

The microgrid has flexible and controllable characteristics, which are the foundation for solving the grid-connected problem of distributed generation. Also, that’s the inevitable choice to solve the problem that the high proportion of renewable energy connected to the grid. Compared with substations, the requirement for synchronized connection of microgrids has changed dramatically. This paper introduces the coordination control method of synchronized contact for microgrids and applications. It fully considers the characteristics of multi-operation modes and loads power fluctuation of microgrids, based on GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event) transmission mechanism. Microgrids increased deployed to improve the operational flexibility, resilience, coordinated-energy management capabilities, self-adequacy, and increased reliability of power systems.  The rapidly falling price and increased adoption of distributed energy generation technologies, like solar photovoltaic and storage. In the event of grid outages, microgrids can provide a backup source of power, providing resilience to the critical loads; however, this requires the microgrid itself is resilient to physical and cyber threats. Building highly resilient microgrids requires a methodological assessment of potential threats, identification of vulnerabilities, and design of mitigation strategies with the threats, weaknesses, and mitigation strategies. It develops a definition of microgrid resilience (Mishra, Anderson, Miller, Boyer, & Warren, 2020) [1].  A risk analysis routine identifies the investment that minimizes the maximum regret function for a 15-year planning horizon. The traditional approaches to allocate distributed energy resources in distribution networks underestimate the impact of adopting EV and PV on the grid. The asymmetric changes in load patterns and assess the spatial adoption patterns of residential electric vehicle chargers and photovoltaic modules (Heymann et al., 2019) [2]. The optimal size and location of various battery technologies are specified in the distribution network to minimize total cost and maximize the reliability index considering the uncertainty of load demand as well as the output power of the wind and solar. Battery Energy Storages (BESs) can have many benefits in terms of voltage regulation and energy management in Active Distribution Networks (ADNs). The batteries are high-cost technologies, and they must be installed and managed optimally to benefit from their innumerable advantages for specific economic considerations (Yamchi, Shahsavari, Kalantari, Safari, & Farrokhifar, 2019) [3].

Figure 1 Resilience-Attack Framework for DER cybersecurity

Figure 1 represents the Resilience-Attack Framework for DER cybersecurity. The cyberattacks may establish an improved level of the increased potential of Distributed Energy Resources (DER). The cyberattack provides the malicious infrastructure and critical power grid along with the resilience metrics of the microgrids. The communication system service offers the availability of Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks.  The voltage and frequency stability of the microgrids established the FDI attacks with the following features such as

• The microgrid customer reflects the power outage and the failures of the networks.
• The control system responses of DER
• The actual voltage and reference frequency values make the synchronization of the DER system
• The thermal limits of the microgrid equipment with the violation of DER overload condition (Bidram, Poudel, Damodaran, Fierro, & Guerrero, 2019) [4].

The microgrids and power of a system enable the issues in distributed control to establish the communication outages. The Energy Internet provides the society based remarkable improvement like as improved efficiency, high flexibility, massive scalability, and reliability among the power systems in the microgrids to manipulate the AI-based control, big data-based cloud computing architecture (Yue & Han, 2019) [5]. The networked name microgrids provide the large power grids across the grid-connected mode. The forecast error in hourly load demand, solar power output, and wind turbines power output. The non-crucial loads established the forecast error at which the hourly application of the loads, solar power results, and wind power output, energy storage, and the hash address calculations with the high complexities  (Wang, Dabbaghjamanesh, Kavousi-Fard, & Mehraeen, 2019) [6]. Distributed Generators that provide the protection schemes for the context of microgrids, also distributed systems. The energy storage systems with the presence of communication failures, cyber attacks, and blackouts of the energy resources. The MicroGrids (MG) established the partially addressed the different loads and its voltage distribution level of the Distributed Generators, and the Energy Storage Systems (ESS) in the Distributed Energy Resources (Barra, Coury, & Fernandes, 2020) [7].

1. Cyber-physical threat modeling in microgrids

The cyber-physical threat modeling in microgrids is the process under DER with the prevention, detection, and response of the threat modeling techniques. The multiple contingencies of the resilient system provide critical loads according to the recover operation of the microgrids. The affecting resilience and utilizing factors among the cyber-physical security assessment metric (CPSAM) to manipulate the microgrid resiliency to be followed as,

• Microgrid resiliency monitoring, which monitors the cyber-physical attacks model
• Improved decision-making, which selects the best possible mitigation strategies for the microgrid resilient system
• Observe the power-grid test-bed in the microgrid resiliency methods (Venkataramanan, Hahn, & Srivastava, 2019a) [8].

Increasing complexity makes the cyberattacks on the power grid, which is sophistication along with the impact on the power system. For an industrial and business environment, the cyber-physical attacks and its threats modeling gets increased—the ability to provide the distributed energy with the critical load, which is the name as resiliency. The system’s ability to withstand, predict, and recover factors depends upon the extreme load factors of contingencies of the order (Venkataramanan, Srivastava, Hahn, & Zonouz, 2019) [9]. The cyber-threats may lead to the DC microgrid, which highly exposed to the system. The Distributed Energy Resource (DER) control unit used to manipulate the reliability of the outage information. The cyber-threat mitigation approach enables the distributed cyber-secure control technique to establish the legitimately secured cyber-attacks, which concentrates the mitigation of neighborhood DER (Poudel, Mustafa, Bidram, & Modares, 2020) [10]. The cyber incidents enabled the denial of service (DoS) to establish the DC microgrids. By comparing DoS incidents, DC microgrid is unknown time-varying and against the flexible approaches. The scalable condition provides the provable resilience guarantees with the effect of the quantified convex optimization. The instability of the frequent threats can be useful for data communications and control strategies for the DC microgrid cyber-physical topology (J. Liu, Lu, & Wang, 2019) [11]. The performance indexes of industrial CPS security, stability, resilience, and contexts to trade-off. The safety and stability enable the growth of receives attention in industrial CPSs that distributes the filtering of cyber-attacks with the mitigation of control strategy designs. The cyberattacks may lead the control or filtering performance with the integration of cyber-attack detection. These control approached and distributed filtering against the cyber-physical attacks on all other industrial networks (Ding, Han, Wang, & Ge, 2019) [12].

The effect of cyber attacks on the microgrid’s resiliency established the effect of detriments in energy infrastructure to manipulate the cyber-physical resiliency. The Cyber Asset-based Impact Potential elaborates on the operational phase of cyber severity impacts. SCADA based system security defined the cyber-physical threat modeling along with such cyberattacks. The vulnerable scoring system (VSS) defined the individual vulnerabilities in the cyber-physical system devices’ ineffectiveness (Venkataramanan, Hahn, & Srivastava, 2019b) [13]. The deployment of the microgrid enables the increased capabilities of new energy management to manage the power systems, which is high reliability, operational flexibility, resilience, and enhanced control strategies that manipulate the power system to be strong market growth. The solar photovoltaic and storage estimates the grid outages in the microgrids and resilient to physical and cyber threats. The power electronics interfaces estimate the sources or generation with the inclusion of the energy storage, and. Load (Richardson & Seshadri, 2019) [14]. The anomalies enable the response of the resilience in a power system for an automated response system. This system may lead to the performance of the power grids. The microgrid enabled power system produces the increased surface attack and the effect of determining the anomalies of the system, which is complex. To overcome the response of the power system that causing the system resilience effects and determination of the testbed assists (Ulrich, Vaagensmith, Rieger, & Welch, 2019) [15].

III. Cyber-physical power system with large scale DER deployments

The vulnerable to non-conventional cyberattacks may lead to the cybersecurity products of the energy storage systems. The drain of battery attacks and the energy depletion violates the individual nodes with energy storage. The energy depletion attacks integrate the communications with the enhanced energy consumption cost. The intentional network enables the entire Energy depletion attacks (Habibzadeh, Nussbaum, Anjomshoa, Kantarci, & Soyata, 2019) [16]. The cyber-security attack surface provides the power system interoperable with the microgrid to manipulate the distributed energy resources (DER). The voltage regulation and the system support the transmission lines along with the common-mode vulnerabilities, which minimized in the control network. The new attack vectors expose the power system and connected by the smart grid devices and the cybersecurity attack surface (Johnson, Quiroz, Concepcion, Wilches-Bernal, & Reno, 2019) [17]. The transmission layers based cyberattacks in the network. The experimental robustness results in stabilizing the system and the stability of ICPS to estimates the fault detection filter to trigger the attack compensator by integrates the signal based Cyber-Physical Security system. In industrial cyber-physical systems, automation enables the high degree and the demand of the smart grid to increased for safety operational functions, which regulates the reliability of the industrial processes (Yin, Rodriguez-Andina, & Jiang, 2019) [18]. An energy server sends requests by the flexible loads of the networks, which estimates the implementation of energy packets in the cyber-physical layers. The interconnected micro-grids provide the physical deployment challenges of the electricity network. The micro-grid protection enables low latency and ultra-reliability. The non-industrial loads packetized the management by the energy Internet level of the transmission level of the smart grid. The packetized command executes the micro-grid protection with the vast coverage area of the power systems with local markets, energy communities of the microgrid (Nardelli et al., 2019) [19].

The Cyber-physical systems theory provides the modeling, analyzing, and designing of the control, strategies. The functionalities of the energy systems lead the cyber-physical systems and the manufacturing, transportation, and energy systems processing of the microgrid functionalities, which enables the power system based power grids (Allgöwer et al., 2019) [20]. The manufacturing industry may lead the cyber-physical operations (CPSs) based on cyber-physical systems (CPSs) to the accessed transformation of industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things (IoT). The aim of performing the cyber-physical attack established the real-time analysis of industrial machine monitoring. The large volume of data managed by using cloud computing and big data technologies. The big data technologies based on real-time CPS monitoring in the large-scale platform (Canizo et al., 2019) [21]. The realistic workloads to manage scalability, maintainability, interoperability, and reuse in the context of the microgrid and its efficacy methods used to immobilize the way of distributed energy systems (DER). The power system enabled microgrid to provide the unified, high-level facilities public interest of the cyber-physical applications. The smart cyber-physical environments are maintaining low response times with the highly dynamic demands of a large scale DER systems (Del Esposte et al., 2019) [22].

1. Adaptive protection of microgrids

The integration of DERs induced the detection of distributed system protection that analyzed the limited short-circuit capacities of the converter-interfaced DERs. The active power differential and sensitivity calculation that protects the voltage measurements and also the nodes of a microgrid test to be installed. The reliability and security of supply to consumers that cannot provide reliable protection to the microgrid and Dig silent Power Factory software installation enabled adaptive protection of the microgrids (Manditereza & Bansal, 2020) [23]. For the optimal scheduling of dispatchable units in a microgrid allows for the control loops from the microgrids. Adaptive Protection System (APS) enables the microgrid deployment. The performance of the failures of the microgrids in addition to the operating conditions of the DER and also integrates with EMS and APS for enhanced robustness and flexibility of the power grids. The microgrid enables the optimal scheduling of dispatchable units of the power systems (Núñez-Mata et al., 2019) [24]. The specific features of the microgrid that can notice as islanded and grid-connected modes, which can be used for the potential operational conditions. The extensive changes in the fault current levels sensed by these devices for relay protection of the distributed energy resources. The utility of the power grid and the consumers may lead to the mutual economic and environmental benefits of microgrids. The elf-Organizing Map (SOM) clustering algorithm enables the overcurrent relay for adaptive protection systems (Ghadiri & Mazlumi, 2020) [25]. The microgrid enabled the central protection center (CPC) used to ensembles the Bi-directional power flow due to multiple sources and dynamic behavior of microgrids. The processing of the microgrid used for fault identification, shortest path calculation among the distributed power systems, and DER to estimate the facilitate decentralization of the electric power in the distributed generators (Swathika & Hemamalini, 2020)[26].

The Adaptive protection for a microgrid that enables the current fast-break protection to activates the three-phase short circuit and two-phase short circuit faults along with the stable and accurate microgrid implementations. The adaptive protection of the microgrids that can solve the practical real-time characteristics problem with the reliability of the distributed microgrid energy sources (Liao, Cheng, & Ren, 2019) [27]. For controllable loads based low-voltage (LV) distribution grid provides the distributed energy resources for the integration of the distributed electric power systems. For controlled and utilization of the medium voltage (MV) grid, utility grid, or islanded (disconnected from the MV grid) grid can be performed with the suitable protection system, to overcome a different kind of operating system conditions. The grid system utilizes the grid faults and microgrid faults with the bidirectional energy flows   (Gomes, Coelho, & Moreira, 2019) [28]. For renewable energy sources (RES), this used for the two-way power flow and output power fluctuations of the smart protection scheme. The micro-phasor measurement data of continuous microgrids that can be analyzed the rapid synchronized phasor measurement of microgrid data. For fault location and abnormalities of the distributed microgrid that detects the fault index coefficients and abnormality coefficients (Elbana, Abbasy, Meghed, & Shaker, 2019) [29]. In case a fault occurs, it can associate the sudden voltage depression to ensembles the energizing of the transformer and causes the heavy load switching across the disturbance of the grid discrimination.

The voltage depression causes the voltage disturbances that can be modified the heavy load switching in the microgrid protection. The microgrid operation enumerates the identification of the microgrid operations and microgrid phases. The selective load tripping involves the adaptive stability of the microgrid based symmetrical and asymmetrical event detection of the microgrid connection  (Ranjbar, Farsa, & Jamali, 2019) [30]. The identified short circuit faults and its corresponding overhead problem that manages the agent-based overcurrent protection that manipulate the detrimental conditions of the microgrids, which detects the short circuit faults in the circuits. The renewable energy-based distributed generators complex in nature because it causes the penetration of increased the multi-agent communication framework in information exchange for the digital overcurrent protection relays. (Rahman, Orchi, Saha, & Haque, 2019) [31]. The integration of wireless sensor networks enabled the access of data security and integrity of attacks along with the use of microgrids. The detection of malicious attacks enables secured data integrity. The estimation of upper and lower bound calculation enables the feasible prediction of different attacks. The severity of electric consumers provides the NN parameters to distinguished the amount of data prediction. The electrical consumer utilized the  NN parameters for an optimal interval of data usage (Abdollah, Su, & Jin, 2020) [32]. Isolated node enables the distribution of node-to-node transmission by established the optimization problem along with the network data communication. The communication network provides the link attacks and node attacks to maintaining the localization strategies and controls the malicious attacks. The malicious attacks may lead the anomalies based attacks and localized control strategies of the variable-related metrics (Lu, Liu, Zhu, & Chu, 2019) [33].

The Kullback-Liebler (KL) divergence-based criterion used for attack detection mechanisms, which can be manipulated by the attacks along with the quality of DER. The DER incorporated with the validity information level of the voltage-controlled AC microgrids. The secured frequency and voltage control approaches enabled the secured data manipulation and secured data transmission in AC microgrids (Mustafa, Poudel, Bidram, & Modares, 2019) [34]. The control system enabled microgrid that can be capable of accessing the controlled secondary frequency. The massive amount of resilient attack enumerates the capability of the control systems, which can manipulate the actual attack detection and ensures the gain control along with the high false detection rate  (S. Liu, Siano, & Wang, 2019) [35].

1. Survey Table

CONCLUSION

The Distributed Energy Resources (DER) distinguished the microgrid based cybersecurity attacks and its efficient methods. The cybersecurity threat modeling, the power system based large scale DER, and its adaptive protection challenges in the microgrid to be established and the practical techniques are essential for the microgrid by the utilization of DERs. The directional overcurrent relays used to enables the faults due to the short circuit and its related grid-connected microgrid simultaneously. The discrimination of the microgrid can able to works with the low voltage and medium voltage along with the Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The prevention, detection, and response of the microgrid established the effective, and reliable microgrid protection issues through the DERs. The resilience condition of the cybersecurity attacks in the microgrid provides the cyber-physical security assessment metric (CPSAM) to access the overload and overcurrent issues across the microgrids. The cyber-physical threat modeling estimates the potential solution for the prevention of the microgrid cybersecurity attacks along with the presence of Distributed Energy Resources (DER).

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