Acknowledgement of Academic Responsibility
Answers to assignment questions must be original; that is, you must write them all yourself. You can base your answers on information in the course textbook or other sources, but if you use sources other than the textbook, you must cite them appropriately.
Plagiarism is a form of academic misconduct that has serious consequences. It is your responsibility to read and understand the statement on Academic Integrity in the Student Manual and the Student Academic Misconduct Policy in the AU undergraduate Calendar. If plagiarism is detected, and if an investigation concludes that you must rewrite the assignment, then your assignment grade will be reduced by 20 marks.
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NOTE: The assignment will not be marked if it is submitted without the above two lines filled in.[unique_solution]
Assignment 1
Weight: 5%
Minimum Pass Grade: 50%
Each question is worth 10 marks.
- Maintenance of calcium ion homeostasis is critical to neurological, cardiac and skeletal muscle function. Consider the roles of two hormones involved in the regulation of the concentration of calcium ions in the blood. Parathyroid hormone increases the concentration of calcium ions in the blood, while calcitonin decreases the concentration. Based on this information predict the body’s response to restore calcium balance if a person swallowed 100 antacid tablets made of a calcium compound in 10 minutes. Include in your answer the definition of homeostasis, the type of feedback loop involved and all of the components of a feedback loop.
- Provide one important example (in the human body) of each of the following:
- a single molecule containing ionic bonds
- a single molecule containing covalent bonds
- a single molecule containing hydrogen bonds
What is the function of each of these three molecules you have identified in the human body? Explain why each of these three molecules must have its specific types of bonds in order to perform that molecule’s function.
- Define mitosis and meiosis, and describe the differences between these two processes.
- List the skin glands and write details about their functions. What would be the consequences if a person’s skin glands stopped functioning?
- Describe how the structures of the epidermis allow it to provide immediate and indirect protection to underlying tissues.
- Fill in the words or phrases that best complete each of the following sentences.
- Functions of the skeletal system include support, protection, assisting in movement, _____ homeostasis, _____ production and triglyceride storage.
- The hollow space inside of long bones that is lined with _____ and filled with yellow marrow is the _____.
- The protein that provides flexibility and _____ strength to bone is _____.
- _____ bone tissue is organized into concentric rings of bone tissue, which are called osteons or _____.
- _____ accompany blood vessels within bone tissue; the periosteum is enriched with _____
- Ossification may also be called _____; in an embryo, it begins with the organization of _____ tissue into the general shape of bones.
- _____ ossification occurs between _____ connective tissue sheet-like layers that resemble membranes.
- Activity of the epiphyseal plate causes the _____ region of a bone to grow in _____.
- _____, IGFs, insulin and T3/T4 are the primary stimulators of bone growth before _____.
- _____ is the hormone that _____ the effects of parathyroid hormone.
- Match the items in column A with the descriptions in column B to create the BEST MATCHES.
Items in column A can be used more than once when making matches to column B. However, there is only one correct answer for each blank space.
| Column A | Column B |
| a. articular cartilage b. diaphysis c. endosteum d. epiphyses e. periosteum f. canaliculi g. lacunae h. lamellae i. osteons j. trabeculae k. calcification l. development of cartilage model m. development of ossification center n. development of periosteum o. osteoblast p. intramembranous ossification q. osteoclast r. zone of hypertrophic cartilage s. zone of proliferating cartilage t. zone of calcified cartilage u. calcitonin v. calcitriol w. foramen x. parathyroid hormone y. fossa | _____ raises blood Ca2+ levels by increasing osteoclast activity and blocking kidney secretion of Ca2+ _____ struts or plates within spongy bone that assist in withstanding stresses in a specific direction _____ channels in bone matrix; allow osteocytes to communicate with each other _____ expanded ends of a long bone _____ occurs after development of ossification center during intramembranous bone development; occurs prior to formation of trabeculae _____ lines the marrow cavity _____ protects bone; assists in fracture repair _____ a rounded passageway through a bone that permits blood vessels and/or nerves to pass _____ shaft of a long bone
_____ process where the bone develops from mesenchyme, often forming flat bones _____ structural units of compact bone _____ bone cell that breaks down old bone matrix _____ spaces in bone matrix that contain osteocytes _____ tiny channels connecting osteocytes with the central canal of an osteon _____ occurs when mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate during intramembranous bone development _____ inhibits osteoclastic activity _____ reduces friction and absorbs shock at joints that have a wide range of motion _____ consists of several stages, including the development of the periosteum from the highly-vascularized mesenchyme on the outside of new bone _____ does not occur during intramembranous bone development; must arise from mesenchyme template _____ part of a long bone that is not covered by the periosteum is covered by this structure |
- Match the items in column A with the descriptions in column B to create the BEST MATCHES.
Items in column A can be used more than once when making matches to column B. However, there is only one correct answer for each blank space.
| Column A | Column B |
| 1. pronation 2. abduction 3. inversion 4. gliding 5. depression 6. dorsiflexion 7. extension 8. retraction 9. lateral flexion 10. circumduction 11. plantar flexion 12. elevation 13. adduction 14. hyperextension 15. flexion 16. medial rotation 17. eversion 18. protraction 19. supination 20. lateral rotation | a. _____ straightening the elbow joint b. _____ moving the arm anteriorly c. _____ spreading the fingers apart d. _____ opening the jaw e. _____ bending the ankle joint so that the foot moves downward f. _____ moving a thigh straight toward the other thigh g. _____ bending the wrist joint so that the hand moves posteriorly h. _____ bending the head so that it moves toward the right shoulder i. _____ bending the knee joint j. _____ moving the thumb around in a circle |
- From the movements listed in column B, list the scientific names of the bones (learned in earlier chapters) that meet at each joint, i.e., where each movement occurs.
Note: The spaces below require one or two bones of a certain region. Be very specific when required.
- _____ articulates with _____
- _____ articulates with _____
- _____ articulates with _____
- _____ articulates with _____
- _____ articulates with _____
- _____ articulates with _____
- _____ articulates with _____
- _____ articulates with _____
- _____ articulates with _____
- _____ articulates with _____
- Compare the organization and functions of axial and appendicular skeletons, and describe in detail the girdles of the latter.
- Match the items in column A with descriptions in column B to create the BEST MATCHES.
Items in column A can be used only once when making matches to column B. There is only one correct answer for each blank space.
| Column A | Column B |
| 1. contractility 2. elasticity 3. electrical excitability 4. extensibility 5. thermogenesis 6. endomysium 7. epimysium 8. fascicles 9. perimysium 10. tendon 11. myoblasts 12. myofibers 13. sarcolemma 14. sarcoplasm 15. sarcoplasmic reticulum 16. A band 17. H zone 18. I band 19. M line 20. Z discs 21. actin 22. myosin 23. titin 24. troponin 25. tropomyosin 26. acetylcholine 27. acetylcholinesterase 28. Ca2+ 29. calsequestrin 30. Na+ 31. myogram 32. relaxation period 33. twitch contraction 34. contraction period 35. wave summation | _____ property allowing muscle tissue to return to its original shape after contraction _____ modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell; stores Ca2+ _____ function of muscle; heat generation _____ period of contraction when most of the smooth and sustained movements is performed by the skeletal muscle _____ property allowing muscle to shorten forcefully when stimulated by an action potential _____ molecule needed for maximum storage of Ca2+ in sarcoplasmic reticulum _____ formed by fusion of connective tissues; joins muscles to bones _____ regulatory protein associated with thin filament; binds Ca2+ _____ bundles of muscle fibers _____ embryonic cells; fuse to form muscle cells _____ region where thick and thin filaments overlap each other _____ connective tissue around one bundle of muscle fibers _____ sites delineating ends of sarcomeres _____ structural protein; anchors thick filament to M line and Z disc _____ site where support proteins hold thick filaments together _____ contractile protein found in thin filament _____ enzyme that removes neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft; helps muscle relax _____ phenomenon in which successive stimulations cause stronger contractions _____ ion that enters muscle fiber, causing depolarization and allowing muscle action potential to propagate _____ contraction of a single muscle following a single stimulation |