Analysis of Hydrocarbons

Analysis of Hydrocarbons

Comparison of Alkanes, Alkynes, and Alkenes

Reviewed literature shows that despite alkanes, alkynes, and alkenes being hydrocarbons, these elements have varied structures, physical and chemical characteristics. For instance, Alkanes refers to saturated hydrocarbons, thus have a single bond that holds carbon atoms. However, alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons hence have a unique or more double relationship that contains carbon atoms together (Murdoch, 2015). Lastly, like alkenes, alkynes refer to the unsaturated hydrocarbons with single or triple bonds that hold together carbon atoms. In terms of formula, alkanes exist as CnH2n+n, while alkenes, especially a non-cyclic compound is CnH2n. Besides, the alkynes, mainly a non-cyclic mixture, has the formulae CnH2n-2.

Regarding the difference in stability, alkanes stand aside as the most robust or stable hydrocarbons because of it its hard-to-break carbon bonds. This feature has facilitated its permanent status over the centuries. Second, on the list is alkenes with alkynes closing the bracket as the least stable hydrocarbons (Gadani & Vyas, 2011). Concerning reactivity, alkynes lead both alkanes and alkenes. Examples of these hydrocarbons are; alkanes that exist as paraffin, alkenes as olefin, while alkynes are acetylene.

Comparing Between cis and Trans Isomers

A trans-isomer could emerge after locking two atoms of chlorine in opposing positions of a two-sided bond. Besides, cis would occur after closing a pair of chlorine atoms within one side of the two-sided relationship. When comparing trans and cis isomers, it could emerge that cis’ boiling point is more significant than its counterpart due to the former’s rigid intermolecular forces. Secondly, cis stands as a polar element, whereas a trans is the opposite (Gadani & Vyas, 2011).Although both units have polar-based chlorine carbon forces, cis isomers have an attraction on both sides of the molecules hence giving each party negative electrons with its counterpart getting positive ones (Oduntan, 1968). This situation leads to inter-dipole interactions as well as the dispersion attractions, which makes it need extra energy to break.

The Influence of cis-trans isomers to Night Vision

Empirical studies have shown that cis and trans isomers influence vision in various ways. According to experts, sight requires that all-trans-retinal isomerizes from the 11-cic retinal.  A mammal can generate a night visual signal by isomerizing the retinal during which a photon impacts the cone cell, thus resulting in the excitement of a TT electron to higher energy levels (Murdoch, 2015). As a result, there would be the breaking of the C=C pair of forces, which lies between C12 and C11 hence permitting the cycling to generate the all-trans (Gadani & Vyas, 2011).Secondly, there is the protein clarification during which there is an isomerization of all-trans from the protein-based 11-cis-retinal; thus, its new structure does not fit the protein. This situation compels it to adopt an energetically unfavorable confirmation hence triggering a sequence of transformation to eliminate it from the prevailing proteins (Murdoch, 2015). Lastly, during the establishmentof the nerve impulses, a section of what happened at the rejection of all-trans-retinal works towards synthesizing enzyme action hence causing a chain of chemical reactions producing a nerve impulse to one’s brain.

Definition of Haloalkanes and Anesthetic Function of Chloroform

A haloalkane, commonly called halogenoalkanes, refers to a chain of chemical compounds (alkanes) exemplified by ethane or methane with a string of one or many halogens such as fluorine or chlorine. The most common haloalkanes are Chloroforms ortrichloromethane (Gadani & Vyas, 2011).The application of Chloroforms as an aesthetic or pain mitigation agent happened in the year 1847 by Simpson Y. James. When John Snow used 4,000 chloroform anesthetics, there was no single death. But unskilled administrators led to the banning of Chloroforms with claims it has many adverse effects. However, recent scholars have found that the application of Chloroforms could be safer as anesthetics than alleged.  As a result, Chloroform anesthetic does not result in frequent hepatic harm as compared to the frequently applied opiates (Gadani & Vyas, 2011).When professionals are maintaining sufficient gaseous exchange with high oxygen concentration, the results are encouraging hence the need to legalize its use.

References

Gadani H., &Vyas A. (2011). Anesthetic gases and global warming: Potentials, prevention, and future of anesthesia. Anesthesia Essays and Researches, June 5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4173371/

Murdoch (2015). Organic Chemistry: Chemistry of Carbons. Regents Chemistry, September.https://www.svcsd.org/cms/lib07/NY01913388/Centricity/Domain/246/Chem%20Unit%2013%20Lecture%20SVHS%2014-15-upload.pdf

Oduntan, A., S. (1968). Chloroform anesthesia: A clinical comparison of chloroform and halothane administered from precision vaporizers. Wily, October. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1968.tb00118.x