Ancient Rome Religion and political governorship

Ancient Rome Religion and political governorship

Ancient Rome was a highly religious empire since it began in the 8^th century. Religion and political governorship played big roles for them. The Roman people worshipped many gods, some which arose from the ancient Greeks, and they had many temples for doing their worships and giving offerings to their gods. Christianity began in the Roman Empire and Jesus Christ was crucified in Jerusalem, within the Roman province. Conversion of Constantine after Diocletian to Christianity in the western empire marked the beginning of the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Constantine and Licinius came up with the Edict of Milan in 313 whose aim was to end discrimination against Christians.

The Edict of Milan brought about freedom of worship within the Roman Empire since it stated that anyone had the freedom to worship in any way they wanted to under the Roman Empire rule. Freedom of religion was also guaranteed by the edict of Milan. Christianity, through Constantine’s ways aimed at unifying the Roman Empire as a whole around a common set of values. Constantine’s new constitution aimed at limiting imperial power by satisfying the church. Christianity changed how society treated the less fortunate people such as orphans, widows in order to seek favour from God. This is because of the belief that God cared for those with no power. Tax revenues placed upon the church reserved a certain percentage for caring for the poor.  Bishops were given judicial powers, with an attempt to equalize the civil justice system to make it fair to those lacking money and power.

2. The Ming tradition, additionally Empire of the Great Ming, was the decision line of China for a long time (1368–1644) after the breakdown of the Mongol-drove Yuan administration. The

Ming, portrayed by a few as one of the best periods of systematic government and social

dependability in human history and was the last administration in China governed by ethnic

Han Chinese. Despite the fact that the essential capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to insubordination drove by Li Zicheng, administrations faithful to the Ming throne – all in all called the Southern Ming – made due until 1662. The Hongwu Emperor endeavoured to make a general public of independent country groups requested in an inflexible, stationary framework that would ensure and bolster a changeless class of fighters for his dynasty.

Nanjing was the biggest in the world. He likewise took awesome consideration breaking the

force of the court eunuchs and random magnates, enfeoffing his numerous children all

through China and endeavouring to guide these sovereigns through the Huang Ming Zu Xun, an arrangement of distributed dynastic directions. This fizzled fantastically when his high school successor, the Jianwen Emperor, endeavoured to abridge his uncle’s energy, inciting the Jingnan

The campaign, an uprising that set the Prince of Yan upon the throne as the Yongle Emperor in

1402. The Yongle Emperor made Yan as an auxiliary capital and renamed it Beijing, developed the Forbidden City, and restored the Grand Canal and the supremacy of the royal examinations

in authority arrangements. He remunerated his eunuch supporters and utilized them as a stabilizer against the Confucian researcher administrators. One, Zheng He, drove seven colossal voyages of the investigation into the Indian Ocean the extent that Arabia and the shore of Africa.

The ascent of new heads and new groups reduced such luxuries; the catch of the Zhengtong

Emperor amid the 1449 Tumu Crisis finished them totally. The supreme naval force was permitted to fall into decay while constrained work built the Liaodong palisade and joined and

invigorated the Great Wall of China into its present-day structure. Boundless censuses of the

whole realm were led decennially. However, the yearning to evade work and charges and the

trouble of putting away and evaluating the gigantic files at Nanjing hampered exact figures.

Estimates for the late-Ming populace change from 160 to 200 million, yet vital incomes were

crushed out of littler and littler quantities of ranchers as more vanished from the authority

records or “gave” their properties to assessment absolved eunuchs or temples. Haijin laws proposed to shield the coasts from “Japanese” privateers rather transformed numerous into bootleggers and privateers themselves. By the sixteenth century, on the other hand, the extension of European exchange – but confined to islands close Guangzhou like Macao – spread the Columbian Exchange of products, plants, and creatures into China, acquainting stew peppers with Sichuan food and profoundly gainful corn and potatoes, which decreased starvations and impelled populace development. The development of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch exchange made new interest for Chinese items and delivered a monstrous convergence of Japanese and American silver. This wealth of species permitted the Ming to at last abstain from utilizing paper cash, which had started hyperinflation amid the 1450s. While conventional Confucians contradicted such a noticeable part for business and the recently rich it made, the

heterodoxy presented by Wang Yangming allowed all the more obliging mentality. Zhang

Juzheng at first effective changes demonstrated pulverizing when a lull in horticulture

delivered by the Little Ice Age was met with Japanese and Spanish strategies that rapidly remove the supply of silver now essential for agriculturists to have the capacity to pay their charges. Joined with yield disappointment, surges, and scourge, the administration was considered to have lost the Mandate of Heaven and caved in before the revolutionary pioneer Li Zicheng and a Manchuria.

3. Harshavardhana became the emperor of Thaneshwar and Kannauj in the early seventh century upon the death of his brother, Rajyavardhana. He ruled in northern India. He was well known for virtues such as good administration, diplomatic relations, and he tolerated other religions within his leadership domain. Harshavardhana maintained diplomatic relations with their neighbouring country China. He sent diplomats, developed knowledge about them and exchanged ideas with the Chinese people. Hiuen Tsang, a Chinese traveller who visited India during Harshavardhana’s reign, described him as an able ruler based on the social, economic and religious conditions of his empire during his reign. Hiuen Tsang describes him as a liberal Buddhist who also honoured gods of others sects.

Hiuen Tsang also defines Harshavardhana as a generous Buddhist who did not fail to honour the gods of other people. His charitable acts benefited everyone under his rule, including all communities, sects and other religions apart from his own. Harshavardhana engaged himself in building hospitals for treating the sick, rest houses and endowed many Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jain establishments in his empire.

The assemblies at Kanauj and at Prayaga are the most praised events of Harsha’s reign. Harsha implemented a donation ceremony which he called the ‘dana’.It lasted for three months. He donated all his amassed wealth of five years and donated his clothes and jewellery. He then borrowed his sister some normal clothes to wear. He did this six times his lifetime.

Harsha marked the beginning of regional cultural units including Gujarat Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan and Bengal. He was a man of significant literary interest and talents. He wrote plays including Ratnavali, Priyadarshika and Nagananda. He also upheld an outstanding court where philosophers, poets, dramatists and painters thrived. Harsha was the chief patron of the University of Nalanda where about 10,000 students from all parts of India and abroad studied, showing his dedication to the educational sustainability of the society.

4. The status of women has changed considerably over the last couple of years, mainly due to economic, social, and political developments in the region have caused numerous changes in the status of women. Women’s state of affairs has become better with economic development and social and political change which upholds equality and individual human rights. The negative influence of cultural traditions on the status of women, mainly those that relate to family life, has reduced greatly in the region. Until recently in most countries, few women attended secondary school or university, and few worked outside the home setting. However, this has changed drastically over the last few years. More women have completed primary and secondary school, and a good number of them are now attending university. Women have started seeking paid employment in better numbers, in the major sectors including the clerical, manufacturing and service areas. Women’s life expectancy has improved incredibly in the region, surpassing the life expectancy of men in most countries.o

The position of women in the Greco-roman world cannot be considered at free or equal in totality. Roman and Egyptian women enjoyed some degree of freedom and portrayed a real political, economic, and religious role in their societies. Women engaged in economic activities such as; brick and tile production, food processing, pottery and production of amphorae. These were sold in the local markets and were used in the urban context. They also engaged in garment production, commerce and other financial operations.

On the other hand, the women in india and china were less involved with matters involving the economy as most of the economic activities were reserved for men.