ARAB WAR

Thesis

Incidences of the ethnic model predation can be used in predicting the historical cases of conflicts which could be associated with religion, politics, tradition and culture of the local people. This research will primarily focus on the Arab war of 2010, expounding on the Marc Lynch opinion on the current state of the Middle East nations. Comprehending the power of politics in sectarian drag and evaluating the sectarian conflict in the region, the paper discusses Yemen as a case example. The researcher applied ethnic conflict theories in the study as a guideline to understanding the contemporary politics and history of the Gulf region. External actors’ intervention cannot necessarily solve the ongoing conflicts and violence in the Middle East but lead to more chaos in the region.

Introduction

Marc Lynch opinioned that violence ascribed to “sectarian conflict” is really “power-politics in sectarian drag. The following analysis is based on my understanding of the theories of ethnic conflict and sectarianism and knowledge of the regions contemporary history and politics. The author of The New Arab Wars has provided an account of all events of violence of Arab wars which started in Tunisia in 2010 and spread to all other parts of the Arabian world. Additionally, the researcher highlights on sectarian and knowledge of the area focusing on the roots of sectarian, sectarianism and the role they play in changing the Middle East. When considering engagement in the ethnic conflict to secure the control of the community resources, an ethnic group requires predicting the consequence of the post-conflict due to filtering parties of the losing side. This insight can be appropriated when explaining the reasoned as to why conflict mostly happen based on the ethnic lines and the reason behind ethnic societies signifying permanently engaged in conflicts engaged in battles than others and as to why such groups find themselves at waves of peace and violence. Some key implications can be correlated with political, economic and economic indicators which determine the cause of the conflict

Power-politics in sectarian drag

The researcher is very keen in providing and shedding light to the world of what is happening today in the Middle East. This was achieved through the provision of insightful accounts on how states upraising resulted in situations that embolden subsequently protesting groups and tragically mislead most of the population by giving false hopes. For instance, Syria led the protestors to misjudge the pro-opposition interventions in a distasteful manner.

According to research In 2011, Transforming Arab uprising from domestic peaceful to regional proxy war in Libya primarily was accelerated by the Intervention of NATO. The attraction of external actors painted the wrong image to Autocrats and protestors which was not right and affected Syria by decanting it into catastrophic civil wars. It is true that having regional actors to intervene in Arab war would pave ways for politics war as well as a competitive intervention (Lynch 27).

According to the researchers, the uprising was preaching a resistance that is not violent as well as rejecting traditional sectarian and religious divisional lines (Lynch7-48). The Arab uprising made many people get mobilized in streets in many nations and taking part in protesting transcends religious, political ideologies, social class and ethnic differences .Interestingly, in states having peaceful protests of the appraisal, those demonstrating were from different religious backgrounds, tribes as well as sectarian stands to petition the government like unified citizenry. However, curiously, one of the central theses of Lynch’s book is that regimes played on sectarianism to divide and defeat the protesters. During such cases, governments were playing bigotry to isolate and ensure that those protesting are frustrated (Wehrey 34).

The researchers point out that early euphoria of Arab springs gave way to bitter and carnage the Arab wars which is a critical area of narrative. The researchers explained that uprising tends to bring different impacts to several states for instance In Libya, there was a consequence such as significant economic decline and warlordism. In Yemen, there was the rise of violence and total failure of political transformation additionally In Tunisia, there was violence and political upheaval. Egypt elected a Muslim Brotherhood government. These appraisals led to a lot of tragically and destructive civil war in Syria. Considering the current state affairs, it is true that the citizens could conclude that political upheaval or protest would not result in better government and economic advancement Rulers of the gulf though they do not resemble western democracies (Lynch, 141).

According to Lynch completion and conflicts on power in specific groups exploit a change that was accelerated by appraisals which were overwhelming the better intention of nonviolent as well as nonsectarian citizens. The bottom-up political transformation would not be useful in the region. We can deny that interventions of external actors to perfect their agenda via proxy war was disastrous.

Sectarian tribal and ethnic are the fault lines familiar in the Arab states which were affected by the Arab war. There are numerous cases and likelihoods of governments in Arab countries involved in the misuse of power due to benefit a specific identity group not considering the whole nation. Despite having efforts full of peace in Yemen, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia to petition their specific governments to have positive change very few people show interest to the success of the transition others are facing internal discords and violence when governments are seeking for power. Additionally, despite there being a free and fair election in Egypt and Iraq, a genuinely elected government could rule typically in the ideological or sectarian way (Wehrey 37).

The researchers also highlighted that there is a need of coming up with programs aimed catalyzing the engagement of persons in community empowering programs to address the issues affecting them. Being hallmark of the responsibility of NGOs in Western states and the U.S in fostering good governance. Some of the programs include the Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI), which support the civil society organizations (Lynch 141).

In recent years the social media and information revolution has led to the expansion of the connectivity that exists between the West and the Arab states. According to research U.S administration activities such as invasion in Iraq resulted to the enhancement of interrogations of those detained and detention of some individuals indefinitely and drone strike could undermine the ideology that the US has moral high ground. These are making its intervention be associated with the U.S getting despised by both public and regimes,” (Lynch  246).The hostility towards the U.S due to its policies resulted in bedevilling the America diplomacy efforts in public perception. Since it is an only superpower in the world, therefore, making it capable of having civil judgments imposing its will on all issues in any place in the world?

According to researchers, the Gulf monarchs are fiercely anti-democratic  Porting to the present motives associated with ongoing policies of countries with Sunni Arabs tissues of anti Shiism is raised which creates fear in the region. According to research, the Arab leaders tend to overstate the Iranian thus meddling in Shia community specific states, but I believe that paranoids have got enemy. The Gulf States provides scholarships to their students to study in the U.S, these might be the candidates who could be recruited to the protest movements ((Lynch  59). Having a youth-led protesting Arab spring’s gives clear indication that in the modern era, we have a generation that is attuned too much to political and open social concern. This sheds light on the need for fairness and the rule of law ensuring that tolerance and old region prejudice is embraced. It is essential if such people use these opportunity to advise the regional leaders and residents towards coming up with a society with a peaceful transition. Each Arabs subgroup tend to brandish their ethnic and religious identity and could result in futile war-making Arabs stay like brothers and enemies. Because they are associated with likely hood of falling into series of civil wars.

The New Arab Wars: Uprisings and Anarchy in the Middle East

There is a probability of the set hopes of western policymakers and Arab regime in retreating to old habits such as authoritarian which are doomed to fail. These come despite the upheaval in the Arabian states which begun least few years. These resulted in the establishment of civil wars, resurgent dictators’ dystopia and collapsed states. Some epochal transition to democracy end in a violent military coup like in Egypt (Wehrey 45).

According to the research, there was an eruption of smothering sectarian repression in Bahrain .while some other nations such as Yemen and Libya experienced civil war. Syria was the great victim as it was affected by insurgencies fueled by the international and external support of the bloody regime. During the violence and chaos, a virulent, militant squad made a declaration of an Islamic state, seized many territories and inspired terrorism overall on the globe.

There is a big challenge to people in the Middle East since the proliferation of New Arab war which resulted in illumination of what leads to the nightmare. The regional actors tend to make the wrong choice since there is some accuracy that the west has misread the conflicts and violence in the Arab region. There is no significant role played by these external actors in resolving the conflict existing in the area. Therefore outside actor should not interfere since they can stroke the conflicts and violence (Wehrey 60).

The region collapse appears to be both dramatic though it proves definitive. Significantly the Arab states upheavals started in a few years ago, and it is very it can be argued that the hope of Arabs regime, as well as western policy makers in retreating the region to its previous habit of authoritarian stabilization, appears to be doomed to be a failure.Since the Arab spring emerged, Marc Lynch argues it is trying to bring unsparing, unblinking as well as an unputdownable account of the ruin as well as anarchy that faces the Middle East region. It is evident from this researcher that Arab uprising has laid the foundation and cannot be quickly suppressed by any action of neo autocrat in any Islamic state such as Egypt, or even Saudi Arabia. The researchers provide wisdom that the U.S efforts to put things in order might not help in bringing peace in the region.

Lynch tries to provide very exclusive guidance to more profound driver’s agents of change in the Middle East region as it is helpful in helping the targeted audience in understanding the basics and root of the current trajectory in Arab uprising and most importantly the implication of the spring appraisal to the future of the region. The Arab war is giving a comprehensive, compelling as well as compressive overview of our area giving mixed circumstances during the current moment of transition. These are identified through the capturing of the dangers, weakness, and strengths as the promises defining the present day the Middle East. Researching based on the current situation in the Middle East help us to understand what is generally going on in our region since it points on how the region reached to this state and shedding light on how to appreciate the changing role of the regional and global actors (Wehrey136).

The roots of sectarianism in changing Middle East

In the Middle East, the issue of sectarian violence is accelerating despite the ongoing regional transition and turmoil. Even though violence perpetuated along sectarian identity has been there on several occasions among the Middle East history, it is not a regular or constant state of events. As such, this explains contemporary sectarian violence through analyzing the ethnic violence theory and literature of the Middle East sectarian. This paper has highlighted factors contributing to the dependent variable of sectarian violence, including saliency of sectarian identity as well as regional sectarian tensions .State collapse transforms the sectarian tension to sectarian violence as a result of security, economic and political vacuums created. The paper will use Bahrain and Yemen case studies.

Yemen and Bahrain have commonality in grievances, regional context, and instrumentalization but differ on the state collapse. Bahrain has had capable and robust state apparatus which made it fail to experience state violence. On the other hand, Yemen experience state collapses because of escalating sectarian violence.

Sectarianism

There is enough evidence that sectarian has significantly resulted in violence in the middle Arab states in the past decade. The paper will also try to understand identity politics in the region and the reason behind these identities resulting in violence interaction. Comprehending the critical cause of the sectarian violence could lead to the shaping of policies of the international actors and facilitate conflict resolution as well as shedding light to issues causing identity politics in this region. The research could be useful to the US an external actor to come up with good policies and alliance relationships aimed at promoting solutions and stability to the region.

The moment there is violence, fear uncertainty and the period of state failure political responses might have been mobilized to identify conflict and to make it more difficult. It is, therefore, essential to understanding the need and of resolving and evaluating the disputes. According to researchers Sectarian tensions might have escaped the control of the local government and causing regional or global challenge.  According to research Islamic narratives can accelerate and turn mild conflicts at local political battles into violence’s expressing religious sectarianism. There is a possibility of degradation of the community capability to reconcile or have unity especially when conflicts turned into extreme violent damaging and causing community unity. Saudi and Iranian regional rivalry, as well as sponsorship of proxy group, started existing since last decades causing a drastic increase in local and sectarianism instability following the 2003 Iraq invasion as well as 2011 Arab spring, these shows that other aspects could impact sectarian violence in this region.

Yemen Case Study

Considering the historical context, Yemen has experienced sectarian tensions, the more considerable regional factional competition, the Zaydi grievances as well as instrumentation of sectarian by the Government of Yemen and Houthis. As evidenced in the previous decade salient sectarian and powerful tensions were witnessed in Yemen. The key factors are contributing resulting in current sectarian violence in Yemen. Additionally Houthi grievances including economic and social assisted in fostering an imagined community as well as building sectarian solidarity.

The Houthi movement got momentum through the efforts by the central leadership such as Hussain Al Houthi, and these movements resulted in a very credible threat to the government patronage and power. Additionally, the instrumentalization of sectarianism is a crucial method used by the government of the state to discredit the Houthis since it allowed Ali Abdullah Saleh in deflecting Sunni criticism and dissenting with his government .There was disaggregating of the Governments instrumentalization in nature since it served in isolating the Houthi from supporting other elements of Yemen community by highlighting the local religious sect over different shared identities.

The state’s government played a role of sectarianizing the conflicts due to internal and political dynamics. More than another specific sentiment they felt contrary to Shia in Yemen although instrumentalization of the salient identities such as religion of the area could have extreme and complex impacts to the society especially when there are wars marked with the blood of several combatants.

Heightening sectarianism has created a region based rivalry between Shia Iran and Sunni Saudi Arabia which have served to be the backdrop to the issues in Yemen through giving saliency to sectarianism like identity. In several methods, Iranian or Saudi proxy disagreements is structural constructivism although the instrumentalism by the governments and the Houthi is the intentional constructivism.

The sectarian narrative was built up over from 2004 to 2010, Saada wars though not disputing but enhancing as Houthis gained dominance and strength. Houthis have deeply identified with the context of sectarianism, the same sectarian-based biases having delegitimizing their participation in significant Events in Yemen since the start of the war.

In the year 2011 Arab spring complaints with GCC let to the establishment of an interim government in 2012, there anger over unequal distribution of power in 2013 -2014 resulted to national dialogue council.

According to researchers, it is genuine that in Yemen declined to allow Houthis to be vital in solving the problem facing this state; their sectarian labeling led to furthering as well as enhancing isolation and increasing independent actions instead of grouping working in the more prominent state collective.

Generally, ultimately sectarian narrative cumulates in the ongoing conflicts existing between Saudi Arabian and Houthis led coalition. Houthis 1014 coup perceived by Sunnis as there is no much than reestablished of the Shia Imamate and exerting an Iranian power in the region, the way the sectarian conflict was established. In the year 2014 -15 the government of Yemen collapsed Houthi coup result to new alliances and faction along sectarian lines.

Media reported on   conflicts having suggestion motivations for violence along sectarian lines in methods that were reminiscent of Saada war only now the fight is not between the government and rebellious faction but between Sunnis and Shia in the whole nation.

As the state of Yemen continued to get weaker, there was lack of governing political authorities. Consequently created the condition where extremism has applied to religious identification flourishing.

Through the reach there can be a more significant comparison between Yemen and other countries, it can there be concluded that lack of states ability enables in entrenching sectarian narrative creation resulting from identity entrepreneurs as well as regional context to activating into violent sectarianism.

State collapse

            The researchers show that sectarian tensions in Yemen, as well as other Arab countries such as Bahrain, has heightened promoting specifically by instrumentalization and the regional contexts of Iranian rivalry. This is very important when one wants to determine if there is a likelihood of sectarian violence( (Ismael 133).It is exciting to know the way tension can be utilized or put into a manifestation of physical violence violating and perpetuating along sectarian identity lines requiring evaluating the national capacity.

Despite both Bahrain and Yemen experiencing sectarian tension at elevated levels the state of Yemen collapsed and that is why it faced sectarian violence. Bahrain had the ability as well as the capacity of defeating the knowledge of the Arabs spring raising and preventing related sectarian violence. This capacity was juxtaposed with Yemen collapsing and explained the results of sectarian violence.

Yemen State Collapse

            The demise of Yemen state is associated with sectarian violence. It started in 2011 Arab spring and continued following the invasion of Houthi in 2014, and 2015 Saudi Arabi led anti-Houthi military campaigns. New alliances forming sectarian identities were established as an impact of state collapse grievances and prior instrumentalization which were heightening sectarian. State collapse led to a reordering of societal salient identities groups. The states identities were less critical and resulted in vacuums in power and security; these were motivating solidarity in the new groups. With intentions to recap sectarian tensions in the region activists, sectarian grievances were due to instigated and regional rivalry that existed between Saudi Arabia and Iran, instrumental zing sectarianism identity entrepreneurs all which accelerated emphasizing communal identities. To recap, sectarian tensions were fomented by activated sectarian-based grievances in the Houthi community, identity entrepreneurs instrumental zing sectarianism, and the regional rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia further emphasized sectarian identity (Ismael 137).

In 2011 there was a political alliance between Ahmar and Islah Ali Mohsen family leadership, all these are Houthis political opponents since they are Sunni Muslims with differing ideological differences. As such, this cemented alliances as well as isolating other groups. Additionally there is a prediction that sectarian cohesion of their relationship become more relevant and led to the end of Saleh patronage thus resulting in collapsing of the state resulting to sectarian violence

Sectarian Violence in Yemen

Sectarian violence is associated with failure of National dialogue as well as an initial trial to reform Yemen immediately after Arab spring as it becomes aggrieved group without meaningful changes such as Houthis. The collapse of the state and initial chaos resulting from Arab spring, attracted external powers, specifically GCC, and the Yemen elites tried to reform the efforts hoping to quell any unrest that could come in future. Just as part of the reform process, the representatives from different alliances were involved in NDC to help in debating on coming on with new constitution as well as settling the conflicts in Yemen.

Houthi and Salafist fights that occurred in the fall and summer of 2013 accelerated since there was the completion of powers and territory, increasing sectarian violence due to NDC failure and state collapse. According to history, the Houthi group was focused on establishing changes that NDC was unable to deliver since 2011 and this increased their strength and steering conflicts because Houthis were determined and capable (Byman 119).

There was amplified momentum increase as well as state deterioration and Houthi aggression in the year 2014 due to existence of sectarian violence in the whole state. During the fall of 2014, Houthis took over Sanaa the capital forcing president Hadi to be house arrested. Additionally, there were expansions of the Houthi militants into the south of Sanaa((Ismael 132).

External Sectarian Actors

            The sectarian identities were entrenched by anti-Houthi Saudi Arabian military campaigns which sealed the Yemen fate in March 2015. These exposed Yemen to perilous state and military operations started led by the Saudi coalition, naval blockades and aerial bombardments. It should be noted that another factor that caused an increase of the violence based on sectarian in this state were the efforts of Saudi led military attempts to fight Houthis because it indirectly aided in emboldening Sunni extremist. Militants said to be pro-Islamic have prepared themselves as in Wilayats blamed of 29 attacks which claimed lives of 39 people.

Combat in Yemen risks stirring sectarian hatred

            Fighting across Yemen could be driving the nation to where Shia and Sunnis are praying in the same mosques for decades towards sectarian war. Many combatants tend to be denying that they get motivated by religion in the current conflict. Iran allied Shiite Houthi rebelled and lead a revolution and Sunni Muslim Saudi Arabia contended that they were responsible for bombing Houth protesting the Yemen state (Ismael 122).

            In the Middle East since the uprising of 2011, there is creeping in Yemen war which fueled the rivalry between regional power Iran and Saudi Arabia something’s which was hatred by signs by sectarian. There exist religion-based conflict since the Sunni in Yemen tends to fight and defend their Region against the Houthis and apostates. Meaning those people going against the Sunnis are in danger and can be harmed by the militiamen creating cases of terror and fear in the region. The young people will keep dying if these wars keep going. Towns would be invaded by home shelled and appealed of religious groups growing. Houthis are against Marginalization and fight with the state; therefore, the militia tends to get motivated through the desire eliminating the Sunni al Qaeda in Yemen (Juneau 414).

Sectarian conflict

The spread of chaos caused gander in each side exploiting their religious-based beliefs .There is a feeling of oppression and humiliation that northerners invade. Though there is a lack of leadership and army, there is a lack of disciplines and the anger on regional lines turning sectarian. Al Qaeda is currently targeting Houthis; there have been deadly attacks that are mounted for several months since the establishment of Houthi fighters as they are pushing for traditional redoubt in the northern highlands and have expanded their control. AL Qaeda is very much specialized in carrying bombing against Shiites in Iraq aimed at fomenting sectarian conflict since it has set its targets on Hothis. On March this year, 137 worshipers were killed in two Houthi mosques in Sanaa during the deadly religious attack by Sunnis suicide bombers.

Houthis started to lightning toward the southern city which is the most substantial elements in Al Qaeda. These group claims to be fighting for the Yemen people in war exploiting sectarian elements to push their agenda. The group does not agree to get military support from Iran as they strive to fight for the future of the country (Byman 102).

Yemen conflicts are mostly based on political roots since some parties exploit the sectarian elements in pushing their agenda. Citizens tend to arm themselves in defending a tangled and front stretching across miles of mountains, deserts and southern coastline. AL Qaeda operates in its element due to unstable Arab countries having weak states thus growing sectarian sensitive. It is advantageous to fight and splinter in Yemen’s army aimed at taking over the Arabian Sea though they tend to be affected by Tribal fighters. The group tend to fight together with Sunnis tribes against their common enemies of Houthis. Most of the war is based on power, resources and land which blend sectarian tension creating a combustible mix (Juneau 420).

Generally, collapsing of the Yemen state helped in facilitating the rise of sectarian violence, precipitating the security dilemma and vacuums of power, therefore, pushing Yemen to have sectarian division when searching for group protection and cohesion. These led to the formation of alliances formed based on the communal identity enhancing the support and capacities of the group alongside sectarian line it also led to facilitation of outside actors to push rhetoric and agendas on sectarian (Byman 79).

It was evident that the success of Al-Qaida and Houthis groups in Yemen is associated with a limited appeal as well as increased support in identifying and providing them among co-religionists. Unfortunately, Yemen was changed from traditions with limited significance and put on an identity of sectarian to new and transformed state by immersing it to consequences and complexities of sectorial violence.

Sectarian Law and Order in the Gulf

            The study on   rise of sectarian Law and Order in the Gulf evaluates grievances, the regional proxy war between Iran and Saudi Arabia, elite instrumentalization and state collapse. Additional researches expounded and assessed the impacts sectarian law in gulf including states like Yemen and Bahrain ,it is clear that  that Yemen experienced sectarian violence and thus there is sectarian law.

            It can, therefore, be concluded that in Yemen there was sectarian violence due to grievances similar to other nations like Bahrain as it was common in the Shia population. Additionally, the primary government in Yemen, grievances by elites as well as instrumentalization of the grievances and divide and rule nature of sectarian strategy that was initiated by the government was claimed to be shaped by the regional context of a competition that exists between Shite Iran and Sunni Saudi Arabia.

            Bahrain is an Arab nation but unlike Yemen lacked state collapse, this suggests that Yemen sectarian violence was as a result of communal tension that helped in transforming it into sectarian violence with the basis of sectarian violence state collapse and security and political vacuums. Combining state agency arrives population, state collapse and regional completion give the reason as to why sectarian unlike other identities is said to be conflicting and salient.

Although this research is highlighting the benefit of states capability and capacity in the prevention of sectarian tensions from getting to violence, there is a concussion that could be drawn; it should consistently be worthy to a policy direction that should be perused in preventing violence in different sectors.

Bahrain circumstances are distinctive it has little pollution it has incredible wealth, as isolated geography, these have forced this state to be capable of controlling their population that could not be feasible in different conditions. The Bashar Al Assad regime in Syria tried to have a harsh ruling and authoritative government crackdown to cause relief Arab spring unrest, and it exacerbates violence and a state of instability in the country (Ismael 121).

Reiterating every states situation with conflict, violence as well as sectarianism should have similar personalized considerations. Solutions towards policy and process of sectarian violence  could be generalized.  Also though there is sectarianism due to some key factors in the Arab region affecting the way sectarian violence was started and which might differ from sectarian conflict in the global perspective.

Islam is the Cultural and religious history in the Middle East. It has contributed to making myths of identification and saliency .the key to authoritarian’s regime has provided much capacity and agency to the elites instrumentalists that could be existing in other areas. The regional ethnicity power has been limited to mobilization power primarily due to ethnic homogeneity.

Competition in Iran and Saudi Arabia has resulted in effects that have reverberated other nations. In the countries where these competition is taking place, we have the feeling of the contestation of regional hegemony; this is limited to countries in the  middle east.

Researchers have typically considered sectarianism as a subset of ethnicity hence making it dynamic and not able to be applied in the Middle East. Additionally, sectarian identity is a stand-alone and essential and cannot subset ethnicity or culture. The distinctions of sectarian conflicts from ethnic conflict are very critical since it helps in spawning tailored solution to resolving sectarian disputes (Juneau 410). Application of national, territorial accommodation solution such as secession or partition would be used to solve the sectarian issue of the Middle East which could be inapplicable or unwise.

Recommendation on Potential Solutions to New Arab War

            To mitigate the sectarian conflicts in the Middle East research has helped in stressing that the contextual significance of understanding sectarian violence which could be applicable in policy formulation. Yemen could have a different solution as those that can be applied in other nations such as Iraq, Syria Bahrain .additionally, the paper upholds the fact that identity is a constructed phenomenon in acknowledging the argument that if identity is salient, it can be resiliently changed more after conflicts identity. Sectarian identity can be linked to a lot of bloodshed in this region .ignoring or abolishing sectarian identity attempts to recognize and resiliently discrediting the policy resolution hopefully. Moreover, ongoing sectarian saliency must not result in policy solution which could try fortifying sectarianism being paramount identity above the memory of conflicts and do not intent to diminish the space for other existing characters.

Policy Implications and Solutions in Yemen

            According to recent research, it is arguable that the ongoing peace talks which have been established help in resolving the conflicts in Yemen since it is very significant to end violence that has destructed the poorest states in the Middle East. Meanwhile, as the conflict resolution is underway, there are ongoing processes which explore the necessary policies implication in Yemen for the United States as well as the establishment of lessons learned which will be very relevant. It is therefore interesting to conclude that the sectarian conflicts in Yemen can be preventable (Juneau 412).

Policy Implications for the United States

            It is imperative to state that there is a need of the United States to foster its efforts in emphasizing on conflict resolution in Yemen. It will also result in reconsideration of U.S efforts provided to Saudi Arabia. The ongoing turmoil and sectarian violence existing in Yemen could be intervened by setting and emphasizing on conflict resolution such as United States policy implication. As such, this will be helpful to the U.S and Yemen population affected by the violence since it will help the U.S in refocusing on arguably fretful consequences of Saudi Arabia campaign for the rise of ISIS and IQAP. Extremist groups benefited from Lack of government prosecution, lawless atmosphere general chaotic as well as flowing sectarian rhetoric through increasing their capacity of conducting terrorism, territorial control and give it the opportunity to improve their recruitment rate.

Works cited

 Byman, Daniel. “Sectarianism afflicts the new Middle East.” Survival 56.1 (2014): 79-100.

Ismael, Tareq Y. “The unravelling of the uncivil state: Iraq and the imposition of sectarian             governance.” International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies 9.2 (2015): 121-137.

Juneau, Thomas. “Yemen and the Arab Spring: elite struggles, state collapse and regional security.” Orbis 57.3 (2013): 408-423.

Lynch, Marc. The new Arab wars: Uprisings and anarchy in the Middle East. Public Affairs,        2017

Wehrey, Frederic M. Sectarian politics in the Gulf: from the Iraq war to the Arab uprisings.          Columbia University Press, 2013.