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Demand And Supply

Case Study; Fiscal and Monetary policy.

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Case Study; Fiscal and Monetary policy.

QUESTION ONE.

Marginal  propensity  to  save(MPS)  is the  portion  of  income  that  is  saved  instead of  being  used   for buying  goods  and  services. MPS is  the  saving  of  that  disposable  income  after  taxation  and  spending  of  the  additional  amount  of  income. MPS is the  change  of  savings  per  change  in  income.

a).        since mps = .2

and income = $1000

therefore the  amount  consumed  =1000-(0.2*1000)

=$800.

the  consumer  will  save  $200  after  an  expenditure  of  $800.

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b).        m =20%

required reserve= 0.2 *1000 = $200

excess reserve =$1000 – $200

=$800

Since  MPS =0.2, and income is $1

then change in savings is given by (1/0.2 * $800)=$ 4000

increase $4000 -$1000

=$3000

QUESTION  TWO.

Supply  shocks  are  events  in  the  market  that  suddenly   affect  the  supply  of  a  good  or  service  as  a result  of  price  increase  and  or  shortage  of   products  in  the  market.  this  result  in  a  shift  in  supply  curve.  Adverse   supply  shocks  negatively  affect  the  supply  of  a  commodity. They  cause  the  supply  curve  to  move  to  the  supply  curve  to  the  left  e.g.  increase  in  prices.  On the  other  hand, favorable  supply  shocks  positively  affect  the  supply  of  a commodity,  shifting  the  supply  curve  to  the  right. Favorable  supply  shocks  result  in  low  supply  and  excess  demand  of  commodities. One  of  the  all-time  supply  shock  in  the U.S  economy  is  the  oil  price  shocks. They  cause  a  stagflation  as  the  increase  in  the  oil  prices  causes  increase  in  taxes  which  mainly  end  up  to  the  oil  producers.

QUESTION THREE

a). A true  statement. When  the  prices  of  products  in the  economy  increase, consumers  will reciprocate  by  buying  less. Interest rates  on  borrowing  will also  increase  as  consumers  will  tend  to  buy  commodities  which  they  afford  the  interest  rates  if  they  were  to  borrow in  order  to   buy  them. Additionally foreign  trade  will  reduce  because  when  the  products have  a  higher  price, consumers  will product  will tend  to  buy  products  and  local  products  will rarely  be  bought.

b). True statement.  a  budget  deficit  is  a  measure  of  a  country  with a  healthy  financial  stability  which  occurs  when  the  government  expenditure  exceeds  its  total  revenue  collected. a  budget  deficit  is  corrected  through  an  increase  in  of  revenue  generation  sources  and   reduction  of  the  government  expenditure.

c). This statement is false. Credit cards, debit  cards  and  ATMs  are the  commonly  used  in  deposit  accounts  and  savings  accounts  when  transacting. Thus,  a  credit  card  is  an  item  of  M1 and  M2 in  measurement  of  money  supply.

d).False  statement. despite  money  being  the  ultimate  measure  of  value  and  wealth,  it  cannot  be  the  perfect  measure  of  value  at  any  given  time. Different  countries  have  their  own  currency  which  differ  in  value. the  value  of  a  property in  US  Dollars would  not  be  of  the  same  value  in  Euros  or  sterling  pounds. another  thing  is  money  is  prone  to  inflation. If  the  supply  of  money  is  in  excess,  then  its  valueless at  that  moment.

QUESTION   FOUR

Economy  may  not  always  yield  what  is  expected,  there  must arise  some  shortcomings  in  realizing   the  real  GDP  when  it  falls  under  the  potential  GDP. thus  the  government  employs  the  fiscal  policies  which  have  the  following  tools.

GOVERNMENT  SPENDING.

The  government should cut  its  expenditure  to  the  public  so  that  they  can  reduce  money  supply  from  the  public. The  aggregate  demand  curve  shifts  to  the  right  where  the  prices  go  down  and  the  products  produced.  As  s  results   a  higher  GDP  is  realized.

RAISING  INCOME  TAXES.

Increase  in  income  tax  rates  reduces  the  amount  of  money  supply  in  the  economy. Purchasing  power  within  the  consumers  as  their  disposable  income  is  not  much. The  demand  for  products  will go  down as  income  will be  low. As a result demand for products  declines. Additionally production will be  increased  in  the  economy thus  GDP will increase. The  aggregate  demand  curve  will shift  towards  right.

INCREASE IN CORPORATION TAXES

Businesses  taxes  will be  increased  so  as  to  reduce  their  profit  margin  which  results  to  higher  money  supply  in  the  economy. Thus  when  the  their  tax  rates  are  increased, their  purchasing  power  for  products will reduce  leading  to  lower  demand  of  products. This  shift  the  aggregate  demand  curve  to the  right  which   is  prove  of  increased  GDP.

Monetary  policy  is  the  action  taken  by n the  federal  reserve  and   central  banks  to  regulate  the  supply  of  money  and  inflation. Tools  used  in  monetary  policy  are  interest  rates,  selling  and  buying  of  government  securities. To  realize  the  real  GDP  of  a  country  will  include  constructional  monetary  policies. They  include;

SELLING  OF  GOVERNMENT  SECURITIES  AND  EQUITIES  IN OPEN  MARKETS.

The  central  bank  conducts  open  market   where  it  sells  some  of  the  government  securities  such  as  bonds  and  treasury  bills. This  is  done  to reduce  the  supply  of  money  from  the  public. This  increase  the  GDP of  the  country  through  revenue  collection.

INCREASE OF  INTEREST  RATES.

Consumers ought  not  to  borrow  due  to  high  rate  Impose  by  commercial banks  thus  reducing  supply  of  money  in the  economy  resulting  to  low  purchasing  power  and  low  demand  for  produced  products.

BANK  RESERVE REGULATION

The  central  bank  may  also  require  to  a have  a  certain  maximum  reserve(requirement reserve)  for  all  commercial  banks  and other  financial  institution. Reserve regulation  reduces  the  rate   at  which  the  banks  lend to  their  customers.

 

CONCLUSION

Its  the  role  of  the  government  to  ensure  there  exist  a stable  economy  for  the  business cycle  to  survive.  Thus  the  government  comes  in  through  spending  to  reduce  the  cost  of  production  and  art  the  same  time imposes  taxes  to  reduce  inflation.  The  federal  reserve  works  for the  government  to  manage  money  supply  in  the  economy.

works cited

Adams, Richard H. Precautionary Savings From Different Sources Of Income. 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, Poverty Reduction Group, 2002.

Gross, Tal, Matthew J Notowidigdo, and Jialan Wang. The Marginal Propensity To Consume Over The Business Cycle. 1st ed.

Pentecost, Eric and Paul Turner. “Demand And Supply Shocks In The Caribbean Economies: Implications For Monetary Union”. The World Economy 33.10 (2010): 1325-1337.

 

 

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