CASE STUDY on Etiology
Etiology refers to the cause or origin of a disease. The main causes of cell injuries include external physical violence from automobile accidents and abnormalities that are internal like mutation in genes that cause lack of important enzymes that may prevent metabolic function from being normal. Causes of cell injury include;
- Oxygen deprivation known as Hypoxia which refers to deficiency of oxygen in the cells thus causing cell injury through reduction of oxidative respiration. Hypoxia most of the time result to cell injury and cell death. Following factors may cause Hypoxia; reduction in the flow of blood flow that is celled ischemia, when oxygenation of blood is inadequate because of failure in cardio respiratory, when blood oxygen carrying capacity reduce, severe blood loss and blood poisoned by excessive intake of carbon monoxide.
- Physical agents like extremes of temperature, mechanical trauma, sudden atmospheric pressure changes, electric shock and radiation. Drugs and chemical agents is the third cause. Chemicals like salt or glucose in hypotonic concentrations cause cell injury to an individual. When oxygen in the cell is highly concentrated, it is toxic and can result to cell injury. Others e environmental and air pollutants, herbicides, insecticides and recreational drugs like alcohol and excessive use of therapeutic drugs.
- Nutritional imbalances, with time this pose a major cause of cell injury in form of deficiency in protein-calorie, deficiency in some vitamins, , nutritional excesses in form of cholesterol can cause cell injury.
In the case of TL, the injury in cell and death was caused by a physical agent through automobile accident and therefore to provide maximum care for him, there should be use of devices that will assist him like slide sheet, hoist and transfer boards which may help in reducing injury to cells in the legs, application of prevention dressing like transparent films around the injured area and also avoid dragging him across the chair or bed.
Diseases refers to when there is disruption and disorder in the body function, diseases can be classified into congenital diseases, inherited diseases, metabolic diseases like diabetes, nutritional, degenerative diseases like death of tissues, neoplastic diseases, immune related diseases like AIDS, infectious diseases, diseases resulting from physical causes, iatrogenic diseases that occurs when health professional does a mistake in cases like surgery or through effects of drugs administered, like thalidomide syndrome, psychogenic diseases that have mental and emotional origin and functional diseases.
Pathophysiology refers to a subdivision of pathology that is mainly concerned with aspects of diseases in terms of the nature, development in abnormal complications, causes, functional characteristics and the structure of diseases. Pharmacology refers to branch of science and biology mainly concerned with how drugs functions in the body. The drugs can be natural, man-made. It helps in the study of how living cells and chemicals in the drugs interact thus affecting or changing the normal functioning of the body. Diagnostic testing refers to approaches utilized to collect clinical information that will be used in making decisions in the clinic. Examples are X-rays, pregnancy test and biopsies.
Health management deals mainly with administration in the healthcare sector in terms of leadership, management of healthcare system and hospital network. Pathophisiology, pharmacology, diagnostic testing and health management because a patient needs to be diagnosed to find the disease he has by performing relevant test then administering proper drugs and these functions requires proper health management in health organization.
Health risk factors increases individual’ s exposure to diseases and include unsafe sex, alcohol and tobacco consumption, high blood pressure and obesity. In U.S most health risk factors include obesity, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol and alcohol consumption that has led to increased death rate and reduced productivity of workforce.