Case study on transgender getting formal education

Case study on transgender getting formal education

1.1 Introduction

Transgender is a “vast” term which depicts the individuals whose qualities shown their personality, the Gender identity of one a particular toward the self-concept; Male or female. (HRC, 2004).

Bilodeau (2005); gives an example of terms that depict transgender characters: transsexuals (pre-operative, post-operative), transvestites, struggle royals, struggle royals, male to a female (MTF), and female to male (FTM), go dressers and sexual orientation drinking sprees. Transgender is an umbrella term that includes these sorts of genders in different characters. In Pakistani Culture, mostly transgender performed significant jobs in extraordinary celebrations which incorporate wedding function, birthdays, Eid, rivalry and their huge occasions.

Furthermore, it was surveyed in Pakistan that transgender had so bad condition 33%, 50 children are neglected by society, 2% of Pakistan’s people have come into trans-genderism. a result has shown that uneducated and forceful mentality people groups, even they do not acknowledge them as a man or woman of Pakistani society.  (Akhtar, 2016) The Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Supreme Court of Pakistan given importance to offer transgender as same rights like various people of this nation has,  protection under the article four and nine from the Pakistani constitution 1973.

Government has given importance to the Transgender in providing equality and equity in society same status as others have (Daniela and Devika, 2015) because many issues highlighted as health, education etc, and transgender felt insecure in their surrounding that’s why government-provided respectful status to the transgenders.

So, it’s observed that the transgenders faced the challenges from their surroundings where the third genders unable to get the attention of society. They only neglect or laughed by others, So the Government provided them with the basic rights to the third gender.

1.2 Background study on Transgender

The third gender has equal status and all the basic rights in the world. The perception for the transgender community faced equality in their class and genders, but mostly faced disempowered or weak groups in the Pakistani Society. In spite of the Transgender Community is denied even their basic rights, which include Right to Personal Freedom, Self-respect, Freedom of Communication, Right to Schooling and Empowerment, Right against Violence, discrimination and exploitation. The spirit behind this aim is that.  They are people, identical as we are, and they are well-meaning of being in this society and living a normal life like others”. One of the main hurdles to change is the wide mindsets (even among transgender people) that they are different. Thus, it is necessary to get chances and integrate the third gender into society, besides becoming role models to others in the transgender community. The following research can help to analyze their education rights from social and economic perspectives and also explore the possibilities of educating the transgender community formally.

The need to address gender justice in the education system, and specifically transphobia, has been identified as a significant human rights issue, which requires urgent intervention (Ullman 2017). Researchers stated that it is needed to investigate trans specific education research, policy contexts and practices, with the view to generating knowledge about how the experiences of transgender youth, gender non-conformity and gender creative expression are being addressed in the education system (Cumming-Potvin and Martino 2018). Such research is important given, as Green (2010) reports, that (i) ‘little is known about the type or frequency of formal education being conducted on gender diverse identities’, and (ii) ‘there is a significant paucity in the pedagogical literature, both theoretical and practical’ in terms of education that deals with addressing transphobia and gender expression in the education system. In addition, while there is evidence of trans specific education policies, there is very little detailed or extended analysis of such policies, and limited research that has investigated the effects of these policies, or that has addressed trans-affirmative and gender-expansive pedagogical practices in the classroom. There is also an emerging and increasing interest in the need to generate informed knowledge and understandings about how transgender, gender diverse, genderqueer and nonbinary students are being supported, as well as how more gender complex and creative education is being enacted in school communities (Ehrensaft 2016). Given the continually evolving conceptualization of the term transgender and minimal attention, the population has received in the broader psychological and educational literature (Rands, 2009). Scholars suggest the number of transgender students enrolled in higher education is rising (Evans et al., 2010) with greater visibility exposing not only the lack of services student affairs departments provide but also the lack of basic knowledge on how transgender students experience college and their unique developmental needs (Bilodeau, 2005). Naila and Aqsa, 2016 evaluate the status of occupational skills and willingness of the transgender population to change and switch over to other jobs in the study area. The study covers five districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province with a total sample size of 100, as their total population is unknown and scattered. Study indicates that heir population in all five districts is mostly found uneducated. Presently they are engaged in such professions which are not socially considered as honourable. A positive aspect of the transgender population with respect to employment is that there is a high tendency of willingness to adopt other honourable professions. Their choice of acceptance of other professions is interesting but they need government support to adopt the professions of their choice. Hassan et al., 2018 investigate the association of social exclusion with high-risk behaviours among the transgender community of Rawalpindi and Islamabad (Pakistan). Through a cross-sectional study design, a sample of 189 transgender community living in twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad was selected using a snowball sampling technique. A validated close-ended questionnaire was used to estimate the high-risk behaviours. Majority study participants 77.8% experienced physical attacks with institutional discrimination even higher (91.5%). In the multivariate logistic regression, compared to those with no risk, being physically attacked increased the odds of both attempting (OR=2.18) and contemplating suicide and selling sex (OR=4.10). Nevertheless, the relative impact of institutional victimization on suicidal behaviour was higher among those who were targeted on the basis of their gender identity or expression (AOR = 6.20, CI = 1.58-24.29, p=0.009). The transgender community is socially excluded by Pakistani society where they experience high levels of physical abuse and face discriminatory behaviour in daily life.

Elizabeth and Bethy, 2018 examined the professional learning needs called for by educators working to support transgender, non-binary, and gender-creative (trans) youth and makes recommendations for practice. Interviews were conducted with 26 educators (preschool to secondary) who have worked directly with trans students (any child whose behaviour does not match stereotypes for their sex category assigned at birth, or who identifies with a gender different from their sex category assigned at birth). We examine two new concepts related to professional learning and educator preparation that emerged from theorizing the data and related literature: pedagogies of exposure and culture of conversation. The limits and possibilities offered by these approaches are critically examined through the research base on teacher learning. Recommendations are made for teacher preparation, professional development and related practices to better create and sustain learning environments that affirm gender diversity. Satish Chandra, 2017 stated that the transgender community is also living on margins socially, educationally, economically, psycho-socially and psycho-sexually. They are also fighting form hundreds of years for their identity and rights. Conclusion of discussion in this paper can be understood as the inclusion of transgender children or persons in the mainstream education system or in society; needs an adequate learning environment or social acceptance. Pre-service and in-service teachers must be sensitized to deal with the class which has transgender children, besides content and pedagogic based modifications. It is recommended in the light of the discussion that in the case of transgender children’s education; in-service and pre-service teacher training programmes should be conducted comprehensively. Present teacher training programme should be restructured by adding the content related to transgender community; like their historical background, lifestyle, culture, rituals, customs, life skills, psycho-social conditions, psycho-sexual aspects, involvement in different money-earning activities, involvement in sex work, legal provisions and schemes for their welfare must be included as an unit in present pre-service teacher training programme under Gender, School and Society subject/paper. The addition of this would enhance the understanding among our trainee teachers and trainee teacher educators about transgender and they will not hesitate to discuss issues related to this community.

Sivakami and Veena (2011) conducted a research on 120 transgender persons in the city. Researchers reported that 56 per cent of transgender persons have primary and middle schooling. Further, they reported that these subjects were avoided by their teachers and classmates and hence they hesitated to go to school after they recognized the abnormal changes in them and 64 per cent of them belonged to the low-income group. Researchers discussed that as a result of victimization these people face a lot of problems in their work area and hence they don‘t stay a long way in the job. Their work and talent are never accepted in their work area. The findings of this research indicate that 37 per cent transgender person lived with their own family, 39 per cent had problems with a particular member of the family.

• Statement of the Problem:

The statement of the problem is highlighted in the name of the dependable variable it’s a case study of transgender. The researcher has given importance to the study because observed with the question mark and got worried about the status and education of transgender in society. That’s why to work on the problem that how transgender get their education in schools or higher education. And their presence in the community how much people accept and how Transgenders learn from their environment acts as well as, Research keenly to know that what kind of policies designed for Transgenders as they also get freely opportunity of inclusive education.

1.5 HYPOTHESIS OF STUDY

There is no significant relationship between education sector opportunities, reforms and formal education of transgender’s community.

1.6 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

• To investigate the available learning environment for the transgender community.
• To know about opportunities in the education sector for the transgender community.
• To suggest and recommend policies and measures for formal education of the transgender community.

Research QUESTIONS

1. Is there an adequate learning environment about the education of the transgender community?
2. Is there any content-based and pedagogic modification required before putting transgender children in the inclusive class?
3. Is the mindset of our society, academic, and corporate sector is in the mode of acceptance of transgender persons?

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF DISCUSSION

The significances of this study are: Every child has the right to live with full self-esteem of life as a normal human being. In our country many groups on the basis of poverty, disability, difficulty, deprived conditions, are disadvantaged, like transgender children, are living at margins of the mainstream society. They are equally important like other students in the whole development process of the country. In changing the present scenario of inclusive growth around the globe nobody could be left behind the curtains. Transgender children were never considered as the main part of our society from the colonial period, though they could be a good human resource for national progress. This research emphasized the formal education of transgender children in schools. This may raise hope in transgender children/persons that now they could study with full dignity like normal students. There is need to understand that this transgender community favoured constitutional and legal input will be sufficient to create an adequate educational and social environment for transgender children‘s education and their rehabilitation or some other measures are should be taken on account for adequate education and rehabilitation of transgender persons. This study comes with some very elementary questions for trans-genders’ the educational rehabilitation and recognizing the opportunities available for transgendered’ formal education.

1.8 Scope of the study:

The scope of this study is generalized for the Teachers, Transgenders, Transgenders students and administrator and occupants that care and covers to conduct that happens inside the staff, on school, Human Rights policy makers, Government and society that give studies of equality an inequity.

1.9 Limitation of the Study:

Limitation regarding this process was limited to the case study of Transgender formal education. The whole study designed and limited Punjab city. It was difficult to found the so researcher used the strategies of convincing sampling to complete the task. But, unfortunate transgender was very difficult to search out. There required time for all, have used limited requirements to complete and given shape to work. So, consequently, I will be recommended to another researcher that this study should be continued in the long term process for the lengthier duration to discourse in all areas.  The whole study was a case study where found so limited number of the sample also had an impact on my study too.

1.10 Ethical Considerations:

The Researcher follows the basic ethical consideration during her study, where start with the consent letters in both districts of Punjab Pakistan, introduced them their objectives and create a positive circle of collaboration and cooperation. Completely, has given attention on time/placement. Ethics are the values, rules for conducting the research, that Differentiate between right and wrong,  And gave justification in positive behaviours in research the ethical consideration is so much important and safe from false data; Primary data will be based on reality. Be authentic, Be Reasonable, Recognize and monitor the instruction, Rule should be pliable, Esteem (Deshmukh , 2015). The researcher has given more importance to ethical consideration during his/her studies. It’s a big element in research, to obey and follow a researcher, and promotes genuine knowledge, developed confidence, avoided negativity, protection of respondents and assured of the shared information, etc. (Chetty, 2016).

1.9 Definitions

1.9.1 Education sector

The activities whose essential intention is the accessibility of tutoring in instructive foundations, just as the people, foundations, sources and procedures – masterminded together as per introduced arrangements – to help the accessibility of training in instructive foundations in any regard levels of the framework. At the nationwide or close by level, the tutoring district is typically planned with the guide of one or a few services of tutoring.

1.9.2. Sexual orientation character

alludes to an individual’s profoundly felt individual revel in of sexual orientation, which may moreover or may not relate with the intercourse doled out at conveyance, and incorporates the individual feeling of the edge and various articulations of sex (this is, “sex articulation”) comprising of dress, discourse and peculiarities. The intercourse of somebody is generally doled out during childbirth and transforms into a social and lawful reality from that point on. Be that as it may, some people experience issues making sense of with the sex allocated at the start – these people are noted as “transgender” people. Sex character isn’t constantly like sexual direction, and transgender people can likewise find as hetero, indiscriminate or gay.

1.9.3 LGBT individuals or

LGBT people are an umbrella timeframe used to include lesbian, gay, swinger, and transgender people. It is a heterogeneous gathering this is normally packaged together underneath the LGBT heading in social and political fields. Here and there LGBT is drawn out to incorporate intersex and eccentric people (LGBTIQ).

1.9.4 Queer

is a timespan burdened with various implications and extended history, anyway as of now consistently means people who do now not wish to be determined to have reference to conventional ideas of sex and sexual direction and shun hetero, heteronormative and sex twofold categorisations. It is similarly a hypothesis, which offers a fundamental point of view into heteronormativity.

1.9.5 Sexual and sex assorted variety

A decent and nonpartisan portrayal of various sexes, sexual directions, sex personalities and intercourse qualities.

1.9.6 Transgender people

people who have got a sexual orientation personality which is not the same as the sex appointed to them at start and individuals people that craving to painting their sex ID in an alternate manner from the sex allowed during childbirth. It incorporates those people that experience they need to, select to, or choose to, regardless of whether with the guide of dress, frill, characteristics, discourse examples, beauty care products or body adjustment, present themselves in another path from the desires for the sex work appointed to them at the start. This incorporates, among numerous others, parents who do now not become mindful of with the marks “male” or “lady”, transsexuals, transvestites and cross-dressers. A transgender person is somebody who becomes appointed “young lady” at conveyance yet has a sexual orientation recognizable proof which is “male” or inside a manly sex distinguishing proof range. A transgender young lady is somebody who transformed into doled out “male” at conveyance anyway has a sex personality which is a young lady or inside a female sexual orientation recognizable proof range. Undifferentiated from marks for the sexual direction of transgender people are utilized by their sex character instead of the sex allocated to them during childbirth. A hetero transgender man, for instance, is a transgender person who’s pulled in to female accomplices. A lesbian transgender female is pulled in to lady accomplices. The word trans-genderism alludes to the reality of having a transgender character or articulation.

Chapter Two

Review of Literature

2.1 Theoretical Framework OF Research Study                

This study is designed in framework of Bronfenbrenner ecosystem model (1979, 1994) directs a significant part of the Environmental position that ecosystem theory is so much helpful in present study where deeply elaborated the in a critical way; It suggests that youngsters and children individuals affected through the frameworks which incorporate family, school, peer gathering, culture, dispositions and status in the public arena. Bronfenbrenner portrayed five structures which impact the child: the microsystem, ecosystem, ecosystem, macrosystem and chrono-system (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2010). The microsystem incorporated a youngster’s and children’s, which incorporated with possess family members, friends and educators. For transgender individuals, factors comprehensive of the sexual orientation their father and mother increment them with and the way their father and mother, allies and teachers react while they land out might be significant. The mesosystem is produced using associations among the microsystems, such as between claim family and school. For transgender people, components including how their mom and father and school cooperate to address their issues will be significant. The exosystem fuses associations between two or more remarkable settings, one of which the child probably won’t be legitimately stressed with, for instance, Environmental Projects giving manual for their father and mother or their school through conferences and preparing on understandings of sexual orientation and transgender issues. The macrosystem comprised of the social goals and surveys of the general public where the kid lives, for instance, social frames of mind and opinions around. The chrono-system managed a way of thinking about how impacts on a children profession of trans genders as it’s the progressed, as an occurrence changing over perspectives roughly sexual orientation, and in various conditions, alongside while moving resources. The effect of those structures on sexual orientation related understandings, reports and practices considered sooner or later of the contemporary research. (Christensen, 2010).  Bronfenbrenner planned the theory integration with the bio-ecological guideline, which incorporated the Process, Person, Context and Time (PPCT) model. Proximal methodologies are the ordinary equal communications among somebody and their quick environment, which incorporates people, contraptions and images, which happened during that time and are progressively increasingly mind toward the curiosity, individual characteristics were isolated into three kinds; request, a valuable asset and weight attributes (Rosa and Tudge, 2013).

2.2 Perceptions of Transgender in Islam

The trans-genders considered spirituality like that of people (man and women). As Khan (2017) stated that, the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) Treated transgender with admiration, if they were in ill or trouble, gave then praise.  The Qur’an is clearly stated for transgender as he created genetically and shape in the womb as he wanted. According to the Islamic point of view beliefs, nothing happened aside from a spiritual simultaneousness. It was in this way solid support of current Muslim confidence that every human structure, shapes, races, physical characteristics and individual traits were components of a big creation, which should be respected. This suggests each individual — male, woman, or transgender—has a similar place in Islam and there is no ground for oppression each individual on the reason of their sex qualities. Allah allows in ladies to uncover their beautification, among others, in Islamic sources the term mukhannath has been utilized for generally for feminine people (notwithstanding for bisexual) and khuntha for bisexual (Rowson, 1991). Recognizing them as individuals with the same rights inside the family, Islamic status now not just accommodates the level of transgender people in legacy yet specifies value and respect. Tafsir Saadi by methods for As-Saadi (2003) advised that a mukhannath with male qualities pre-overwhelming would get a male’s offer, a mukhannath with female characteristics pre-ruling will get a young lady’s offer, even concerning a mukhannath with unclear attributes (known as a mukhannath-mushkil), a centre ground could be observed. Marmon (1995) explained the reveal of a holy society of eunuchs, built up at the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) at a couple of time inside the mid-twelfth century. Comparable eunuch social orders showed up at tombs elsewhere (comprising of at the Ka’ba in Mecca) and highlight persevered as dynamic organizations pleasantly into the cutting edge times (Marmon, 1995).

2.3 History of Transgender Persons in South Asia

Khan (2017), disused on the historical perspective of Trans-genders, social status of transgender individuals highlighted from high or low points inside the historical background of Indian Sub-continents. In Mughal period, weak people, known as Khawja saras had been assigned as security specialists for-care of female quarters at the royal residences, and some other spot and had been given posts of power and trust. Significantly sooner than that, inside the fourteenth century, Malik Kafur, and eunuch become a military general of the Delhi Sultanate rulers, Alauddin Khalji As well worked under the British rule, for the transgender people. The British passed 1871 passed the Criminal Tribes Act and protected transgender individuals (hijras). After the sovereignty of Pakistan in 1947, while the Criminal Tribes Act becomes cancelled, the state or society commenced little positive action to opposite the loss of identity initiated to transgender people in the historical. As a result, the dishonour of misbehaviour, lose ethics and the basic status. There so many different terms exist in  South  Asia for eunuchs,  Hijras and transgender persons.  However, the word Khwaja Sara is chosen via the transgender communal as many of the other terms are aggressive (khan, 2017).

2.4 General population of Transgender Persons

The population of transgender people from the statistically measured Census 2017-18 expressed as in table 1 (Population Census, 2017-2018)

From that report of UNFPA, a statistic the enumerators’ asked deliberately question for collecting the population of Trans genders, it was so sensible issue to collect the numbers from the country. Where, asked politely a question that hopes so you will be no she-male in your home? it was tough but got successes to get Responses. Here, the census shows that socio-psychological respondents replied and the ratio of Trans genders are 10418 reported in a country(Population Census, 2017-2018).

2.5. Key Challenges that Involve a Transgender Persons Policy

A  criticism  of  the  existing  literature  on Challenges which Involve a Transgender Persons Policy and  interactions  with  selected  representatives of the transgender community exposed in the following  challenges  as highlighted of their positions in Pakistan:

• Mostly Pakistani society refused to accept the present of Trans genders in their surrounding where the problems faced by them and hide their identity among them. As well as, failure to get the education and status in society. So, the government must need to give priority to Khuwaja Saras in society and play a role in both equity as well as equality.
• Almost 30% of transgender individuals have gone to schools up to an essential degree, 23% to Secondary and 7% per cent to Higher Secondary or College organize. The staying 40%, not the slightest bit went to class.
• Even Trans genders bear to get the College-level education so they paid for that availing the opportunity and hide their identity from others. And so many others Trans had no education, celebrate their routine with singing and dancing with their other mates.
• Many members of the transgender communal, commonly noticed as things for the desires of others, are enforced by the environments to create their living style for prostitution.
• Transgender faced the disrespect from the public humiliation; laughter, ignoring and rejection, this behaviour is not only partial to the street public but is also experienced in government offices, hospitals, schools etc.
• TransAction Association/Blue veins have reported 46 killings of transgender people and 300 severe attacks on them across KP from January 2015 to July 2016. In Punjab, the Khwaja Sara community recorded multiple times of home abuses and 82% had endured sexual maltreatment in their childhood in 2015.

In Pakistan, the people have overlooked the spiritual character that the transgender individuals played in the native or inborn history.  Transgender persons are teased and disrespected. Current  TV  displays can innocently or deliberately make painful jokes against the transgender  community (AAWAZ Programme, 2016).

2.6 Governments of Transgender Persons Welfare Policy

Ministry of  Social  Welfare (2015),  specific welfare policy and platforms that the Government arranges toward the  Transgender  Persons will give to the complete social well-being of the transgender persons plus their identification, health, education skills provisions,  employment,  old-age pensions etc.  For this determination, several policy mechanisms will be used to attain the five provisions.

2.6.1 Transgender Persons: Rights

The Pakistan Constitution does not clearly create sexual coordination or gender individuality.  In  2009,  Supreme  Court of  Pakistan confirmed that the transgender community is correspondingly permitted for the equal rights, certain in the Constituents to all citizens, including the right of birthright after the passing of parentages, employment chances,  free schooling and healthiness care. Freshly accepted  Transgender  Persons  (Protection of  Rights)  Act  2018  has also acknowledged rights assured in the constituents such as vital rights to be appropriate to the transgender person (HRW  Organization, (2013).

2.6.2 Identification

The current definition of transgender in the act considers anyone whose sex identity or gender expression do not conform to that related to the sex allocated at the time of their birth.  As this definition does not link being transgender to biological characteristics, this may have its abnormal implications in our societal context.

2.6.3 Registration

Many complications,  such as problems in reaching out to the unseen transgender societies and assembling them to NADRA recognized registering centres,   still go-slow the record-keeping of transgender persons.  Under this policy, transgender persons will be registered at a faster step and get free identity by the issuance of NIC to the Trans genders.

2.6.4 Social and Public Services

One of the main motives after the trouble of transgender persons is that they are disqualified from various public services. In order to guarantee a covered standard of existing or right of entry for transgender people toward  the social services, This policy aims to confirm  that the  requirements  of transgender persons  affecting to basic services of  life  are  spoken as;

2.6.4.1 Housing:

Social elimination of transgender persons means they have to take shelter in reimbursements that are private from the common public. Due to lack of possessions and resources, such houses are in often in untidy condition weak for a distinguished life.  In order to this position, the following actions will be started:

1. Transgender accommodations will progressively be built in every district where poor transgender persons are able to live with self-respect.
2. Low-expense lodging or housings will also be constructed over the next years by Housing Units for transgender persons so that they do not need to live in overcrowded, polluted places where they usually have to alive.

2.6.4.2 Education

Abdullah et al  (2012)  have stated that a  lack of employment and education opportunities has pressed  Khwaja  Sara in  Pakistan towards ingoing the dangerous or contentious industries. Therefore, it develops overbearing to guarantee that transgender persons obtain suitable overall formal and technical and mechanical education. Following actions will be assumed in this respect:

1. Transgender schooling and vocational institutions will be well-known for as long as free education. Transgender will get the inclusive education in society there will be no difference mainstream show that the Trans genders education have main priority as other.
2. The teachers of Tran’s genders will be well educated were to have the skills to control the psychological diversion of children toward education and deal with problem-solving.
3. There will be the steps taken by formal and informal education should be provided to Tran’s genders those who are unable to get inclusive education. For them, the Private and Government institution will support the student
4. The opportunity of stipend should be provided to Trans genders, as they can get the free scholarships for Higher education and also reimbursements’ opportunity on provincial as well as Federal level.
5. There should be job opportunities under the prime Minister program Under Prime Minster Youth Program and there should be a quota system for them as well as the seats for disabled /impaired Tran’s genders.

2.6.4.3. Health Services

Transgender persons are usually avoided from health services opportunities, and excluded from centre public-private because cannot be facilitated he charges fees. So they should have the health cards and special treatment and counselling required for them.  Newfield et al. (2006), In Pakistani society, Mantle health problem is possible to be more severe.  Therefore,  it is essential to provide protective,  analytic and healing health services to the transgender population. Following things made under this policy of health:

1. Regular or health diagnosis, free medical checkup and free drugs will be made available for transgender persons in government health services.
2. All lawful operations and surgeries in the areas of hormone treatment, sex relocation etc. Will be offered, with a facility of economical help for poor persons.
3. Language, speech and philological psychotherapists will be available, wherever possible,  on inspection source in transgender schools who help transgender people to general society.
4. Psychological help provided for developing self-confidence.
5. There should be workshops or campaigns to aware of the HIV /AIDS Program to them.
6. there should be the special ward for the trans genders for providing the health Emergency/Support Centers should provide in their communities in them and others,

2.6.4.4. General Public Services

Transgender persons will have full support and facility in certificate of character in society, services of telecom, service of Banks, certificate of Birth and Death,  certificate of Domicile, Licenses for Driving, self-protection Weapons, services of property documentation possession, Registration of vehicles, services related legal as; Tax, assesses passport, services of Insurance as; Health, Job etc.

Chapter Three

Research Methodology

3.1.  Overview of  Chapter

The main theme of this chapter was to take the actions which improve the research work. This chapter will include a description of the types of study Research philosophy  (Paradigm,  Epistemology), Research Design (Research Approach,  Strategy, Study Setting,  and  Operational Definitions of Measures and variables) Sampling Design (Target Population,    Sampling Techniques,  Sample Size,  Data Collection Method,  Data Analysis Techniques) and final conclusion discussed, to sum up, the Chapter.

1.1         3.2. Research philosophy

The term’s philosophy means the study of facts or thought, it is particularly a theory related to the human ideas that reflect realities or thoughts toward the logic.  This term is used in education with the scientific, rational study of metaphysics (reality) epistemology (knowledge), ethics and semantic (the relationship between language) (Collins[onlinedictionary])

Research philosophy used to define the system of the notions and facts about the development of knowledge. The development of knowledge may be in a particular subject, but that will be motivated for human, the study must be focused on particular philosophical terms. (Noddings, 2018). Before understanding the research it’s important to unhand the nature of it and set the  Paradigms and term of philosophies as (ontology and epistemology,) from these parameters study set the facts, realities, knowledge, perception and assumptions of the study, these set the direction toward the conclusion (Costa, 2009).

Figure 4: Research strategy philosophies and process (Alkraiji, 2011)

3.2.1 Paradigm

The philosophical meaning of a word Paradigm is thinking and in Greek its aetiology which means pattern/structure (Kuhn, 1962). And the term used in the educational field the term used as a world view, this term, especially used as school thoughts, information, knowledge, analyzing the data, way of thinking. The word has its origin in Greek history that is called as the pattern (Mackenzie & Knipe, 2006). In research, paradigm term counts as it’s an approach where a Researcher set the data for analyzing and collecting the facts and figures with justifications. The research adopted here Epistemological approach has used the terms in her study realism/positivism paradigms for the best result.

Furth the epistemology Paradigm is defined;

• Positivism: Empirical study that is based on reality could measure as quantitative methods.
• Constructivism: is general, there could reality or not. the reality will be interpreted, so many different Responses can be introduced as the qualitative method
• Pragmatists: The reality continuously debated, analyzed so Mixed method is called Problem solve(Patel, 2015)

3.2.2 Epistemology

In this research the philosophy is used, the Epistemology philosophy is involved in the       Research work. This is the philosophy which deals with the understanding of people and the main purpose is to state whether perceive the knowledge on the subject, that has a reality extends to whether they can and should be considered constructions build-up from the perceptions and actions of social activities during the conduction research. The Epistemology is derived from Greek word aetiology as episteme words meaning is Knowledge/information, In research, we used epistemology as want how to know, how to solve fact /truth and describe the reality or want to know what is the present world etc.,  It’s very simple base knowledge and learned from the environment / acquired, which one is interconnected with beings as need a higher, deeper and wide understanding and knowledge in the field of research ( Cooksey & McDonald, 2009) .

1.2         3.3 Research Design

The research is designed as that we have to explore the effect of trans. Research design as a framework of any document where its organized and structured objectives for future achievement, Research does not focus on single aspect /part of research as data collection or analyzing the study but here he/she designed the whole study and introduced viewers from the reflection of work (Akhtar, 2016`) .

This research is applied/ conducted in the cross-sectional period of time, which will be limited and rich in text. For this research, the researcher has focused on deductive method. The cross-sectional study used to express the population or universe,  (Lavrakas, 2008 ).  The deductive approach is that sort out the result which is derived by using the logical approach and implication from characterized by the general laws through some instances fieldwork which is to find out.  I intend to derive the result through deductive ways by using a deductive approach.  As far as, the strategy of the research is concerned that there is planning to achieve required results through the research. The deductive method approach is related to subtracting assumptions from schemes/ plans of study (Babbie, 2010).

Where intend to achieve data from the targeted population and above mention samplings of the participant will be distributed independent and independent variables for the reliability of data. Therefore, in this research the field of working on the case studies of transgender informal education.  So the targeted population for research is present from the use of literature. Also,  used the qualitative research approach.

3.3.1. Research Approach

After reviewing the related material and literature, designed research approach on a qualitative approach. The qualitative method research, usually, beneficial where all kinds of ways or methods used in that approach (ResarchRundownponlineweb], 2009) . And, used in that deductive method approach. For making the validity of the qualitative method. The researcher used a scientific research approach for making the validity of qualitative method research is a scientific research approach where a researcher has set different themes which are used at a high level of the standards to main the value of case study  (CIRT[onlineweb], n.d).

3.3.2 Study Setting

The Qualitative-method used, whereas the whole research study is compared, for analyzing the way of conducting action research and making Quality of case study research and subject. In this study the Quali data collected from the different case studies used to assess the image of the Trangenders in society Pakistan. The main idea of study setting is only to Key informants were transgender themselves, teachers of schools that deal with transgender students.

3.4.2. Instruments/Tool used for data analysis

The instruments for Quali, survey are adopted from different sources where the different literature used for measuring the levels of standards. A self Semi-Structured guideline was developed to check the perception of the transgender community regarding their own education and perception of teachers about educating the transgender.

3.5.3. Sampling Techniques

The sampling techniques used for collecting the data, the researcher has applied the snowball sampling and convenience to get the objective of the study. The convenience and snowball samplings specially used in non-probability sampling port, some element of sampling have no opportunity of choice or probability of choice have not exact control that has not to guesstimate and no opportunity of mistakes (Kabir S. M., 2016).  The snowball sampling used, for the researcher where the entities, similar with criteria, for Convenience sampling researcher are using the technique as easy to get the valid entities according to the aims and objectives of the study. (ResearchMethodslibrary[onlineweb, 2019).

3.5.4 Sample Size

The sample size is denoted the statistical study in which the objective makes the interpretation of nearby population from a selected sample (Tahe doost, 2017). The selected sample sizes of Punjab 30/50, used the margin of error, of 95% confidence level were used the expectation scale of 50 entities.

3.5.5 Data Collection Method

Data is collected through the primary and secondary method used, while in the primary source the qualitative method used for data collection, for Target sample, used Interview for respondents with the help of informants from different Punjab areas, where they were living. And the teachers that deal with transgender students were also approached. The participants were informed about the purpose of the study and were assured that the data will purely be used for research purpose only. Interview guideline was designed in the English language and the researcher personally asked the questions in their language and probed them in a convenient way. During the discussion, session researcher got many points and got a grip in a fluent way.   The secondary data used from different sources like journals, books, online: glossary, dictionary, websites used and articles, etc. the secondary was collecting material only full fill the requirement. The data collection method is the procedure of collecting and assessing data on variables of attention and interest, in recognizing orderly that enables one to give a response,  research specified the questions,  assumptions /Hypothesis,  and calculate the result (Kabir S. S., 2016).  The complete study was Exploratory but with the passage of time for documentation requirement, it became Explanatory and descriptive

3.5.6 Data Analysis Techniques

For the data analysis technique, the researcher has used the techniques for interpretation of the literature and on case studies were used also analyzed the answer designed with research questions thematically.

Conclusions:

From the whole chapter, its analyzed and incorporated all the steps which are used in this chapter was to take the actions which improve the research work. This chapter will include a description of the types of study Research philosophy  (Paradigm,  Epistemology), Research Design (Research Approach,  Strategy, Study Setting, is an  Operational Definitions of Measures and variables) Sampling Design (Target Population,  Sampling Techniques,  Sample Size,  Data Collection Method,  Data Analysis Techniques) and even the mixed method deeply used in chapter 4.

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