There is no doubt that the weighing of capital sources, dividend payout policy, and assessment of tax rates is necessary during corporate financing purchase and overall capital budgeting. However, Modigliani and Miller consider these considerations irrelevant since they are of the opinion that the capital structure of the organization is immaterial to the firms’ valuations (Modiglianu & Miller, 1958). According to Modigliani and Miller, the operating profit of the organization that determines the value of the market. Besides, they argued that the value of the market of the organization is determined by the investment risks as well as the future growth prospect. Their argument is contrary to what capital theory advocates support i.e., a company’s value is driven by its applied capital structure or the firm’s financing decision. This means that the company with a mix of equity (leverage company) and debt is valued the same as the company with wholly financed by equity (unleveraged firm) (Miller & Modigliani, 1961). The weighted Average Cost of Capital refers to the average price of return that a firm should pay to creditors…

              Information System Infrastructure Name of Student Institutional Affiliation Name of Professor Date           Information system infrastructure has undergone an evolution in its application in time. The trends have affected how organizations utilize information technology (Oughton et al., 2016). The first notable trend in information systems infrastructure is globalization. Utilization of the internet has increased due to the availability of digital devices such as mobile phones and computers. The technological advancements leading to globalization have enabled some firms to gain a competitive advantage through the reduction of relative costs and sustaining payoffs. Recently, numerous organizations are using information systems tools like e-mails, online conferencing and mobile phones in conduction business. With information systems, companies can advertise and sell their products on the internet. Digital platforms, online software as a service and cloud computing services are the most recent trend in information systems, and their usage has enabled organizations to become more competitive by reducing the costs of production, selling or buying goods on a global scale. Another competitive advantage accrued…

Opportunities and Challenges That Transnational Corporations Present to The Governance of Natural Resources. Natural resources form the basic framework of life on earth for human beings and animals. Natural resources encompass all the naturally occurring supplies needed for maintaining, promoting, and thriving of lifeforms on earth such as land, forests, rocks, water, fossil fuels, animals, minerals, sunlight, and air. Mining and extraction of these natural resources form some of the most critical and most sought activities, especially by multinational corporations. Arguably, the most sought-after kinds of natural resources include fossil fuels, forests, minerals, and rocks. Mining and extraction of natural resources is mainly done by transnational corporations since they have the capacity and the resources needed for mining and extracting the natural resources. These include having the financial as well as equipment sophistication necessary for mining and extraction of natural resources. So that there is a controlled and sustainable approach of mining and extracting natural resources, there is a system of governance that dictates and directs the transnational corporations regarding how they conduct their business.    When mining and extracting natural…

IBM Corporation case study Question 1 1996                                                             1997   Dec Marc Jun Sep Dec Total Net Income  $    2,023.00  $    1,195.00  $    1,446.00  $    1,359.00  $    2,093.00  $    6,093.00 Total Shareholder’s Equity  $  21,628.00  $  19,951.00  $  20,109.00  $  19,756.00  $  19,816.00  $  79,632.00 ROE 9% 6% 7% 7% 11% 8% ROE = Net income/ Shareholders Equity.   1998   1999 Marc Jun Sep Dec Total Marc Jun Sep Dec Net Income  $    1,036.00  $    1,452.00  $    1,494.00  $    2,346.00  $    6,328.00  $    1,470.00  $    2,391.00  $    1,762.00  $    2,089.00 Total Shareholder’s Equity  $  18,865.00  $  18,577.00  $  18,635.00  $  19,433.00  $  75,510.00  $  18,306.00  $  19,158.00  $  20,068.00  $  20,511.00 ROE 5% 8% 8% 12% 8% 8% 12% 9% 10%   2000 March Net Income  $    1,591.00 Total Shareholder’s Equity  $  19,518.00 ROE 8%     The factors and trends that significantly contributed to IBM’s productivity include earnings per share, cash flow, and gross margins. The company’s shareholder’s equity did not fluctuate with a more significant margin in all quarters. The lowest from 1996 to 1999 was $18,306…

Drivers of Equity Prices and Changes in their Valuations         The equity of a company (also known as stock or share) is a financial mechanism that characterises ownership within a corporation and signifies a balanced claim on its earnings and assets. Earnings being what the company makes in profit and assets being what the company possesses. Equity prices vary daily through market forces, i.e. where buyer demand is met by seller supply. Unfortunately, there is no exact explanation that defines precisely the behaviour of equity prices. In understanding the behaviour of these prices, present research typically creates a portfolio based on the company’s characteristics, the measure of value or previous stock returns. Due to the extensive number of factors affecting stock price changes, there is a need to have clarity regarding if any given element has unique information. This information helps us understand the changes in stock prices. The factors of the stock market are the ones that govern changes in equity prices and expected returns (Cochrane, 2011). Therefore, these factors are the key to understanding changes in equity valuations.…

Why Cryptocurrencies Will Democratize Finance Internet-enabled technology has disrupted virtually all aspects of daily life. Today, vast stores of knowledge are a single click away, and you can communicate cheaply and instantly with anyone, anytime, and from anywhere in the world. Despite these advancements, however, many aspects of finance are still mired in the 20th century. Most processes are verified and executed by the same large, bureaucratic financial institutions and intermediaries, which subject transacting parties to steep transaction fees, delays, and a massive room for human error.   Thankfully, a solution seems to be at hand. Cryptocurrencies and the underlying blockchain technology that runs them are poised to disrupt the way the entire finance industry thinks about money. Experts are adamant that crypto will have a tremendous impact across the sector, changing everything from funds transfers to the very concept of currency.   Blockchain, as a whole, has numerous use cases across a vast range of industries. The concept of a distributed ledger that can execute transactions automatically, and also store data immutably and transparently has placed the technology at…

Why the Reelection of Narendra Modi is Bad for India Realism holds that international organizations and other sub-states do not have real influence in another country. Realism is tied to what constitutes human nature, with a lot of emphases placed on humanity’s altruism. Due to ideological rifts and the possibility of disagreement, realism is highly expected to assist in measuring power in terms of the capability of the person in power. In India, Nehandra Modi has led one of the worst government in the last five years. As the official leader of the country, some parts of the country feel neglected by the government that promised to bring political and economic reforms to transform the economy and the living standards of the people. Unfortunately, there are regions within India that have felt neglected by the areas not only in development but also in the protection of their rights. Since the government has shown little efforts to protect the lives of all its citizens and some regions languish in poverty, it is just for an international organization to try and enforce…

Disaster and emergencies Management Emergency Management Disaster and emergencies are unprecedented events that may occur in any city, town, or country at large. Most of the catastrophes leave the affected areas destroyed. The effects of the hazards at time may take ages for the city to recover. Some of the tragedies that may occur are fires, floods, flash floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, severe winter storms, explosions, earthquakes, and technological emergencies. Every city, town, or country usually has a team or department that deals with disasters and emergency management. Such departments have the role of creating planning groups to analyze the capability the department possesses, the extent of the destruction. The groups also come up with plans to recover from the disasters and implement them. Planning teams In case of an emergency, there should be a person or a group responsible for developing an emergency management plan. Therefore a group should be selected to make decisions that will be used in the recovery from the emergency. Team Forming The team’s members should come from all functional areas such that others will be…

IMPORT/EXPORT SUPPLIERS You are a manager for Import/Export Suppliers, LLC and your direct supervisor has asked for a face-to-face meeting with you following the most recent board of directors meeting.  This is not unusual as your supervisor usually meets with you following these meetings to discuss changes, evaluate your division’s production, and to examine your area firsthand. This meeting seemed to begin a little different as your supervisor requested that you not take notes but just listen.  The first agenda item was a recent legal case arising from a situation that occurred within your division in which an employee was injured.  Your supervisor asks if you have reviewed all emails associated with the accident for corporate exposure as you were instructed to do after the last meeting.  Of course, you respond that you have and that nothing in your judgement would expose the corporation to any liability.  Regardless of your assessment, your supervisor tells you that corporate counsel has instructed that you delete all emails from your server relating to the event.  You should also delete some others around the…

                           The Effects of Technology on Oral and Written Culture             Folk material delivery, especially storytelling and other folk sculptures like drama, in the past few decades, has writhed proper perceptions and in-depth analysis. This is because they were grim to comprehend or convey contextually or even manifest the same information to printed text and still maintain their efficacy to the informer. Due to this reason, they suffered from a lack of sophisticated electronic devices like cameras and videotapes, which can be used to record the performances. Most of the traditional activities were only based on the existing environmental circumstances, which were beyond storage and retrieval. To maintain cultural beliefs and customs, it’s essential to ensure such information is passed from generation to another. Failure to create storage materials, traditional ideas are rendered meaningless. The development of electronic devices has created an enabling environment for highlighting the intricacies of contextually centered performances aggregated to the artistic roles in oral narratives. The urban legend is a genre of folklore comprising of the stories assumed as accurate, especially if it has happened…