Aspects That Make the Environment More Inclusive For People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) An inclusive environment for children with ASD should address their specific needs, especially regarding socialization, sensory responsiveness, and communication (Falvo, 2013). First, there should be a responsive sensory environment for these children to enable them to process and organize the information they gather from their senses, such as taste, touch, sight, smell, and sound. As such, they will have enhanced sensory integration that can boost their balance, visual perception, self-help skills, and coordination, gross and fine motor development, and consequently promote their engagement in social activities (Woronko & Killoran, 2011). For instance, the children who are tactile under-responders can be given vibrating pencils to ensure constant tactile stimulation. Their disruptive sensory seeking character can also be minimized by giving them fidget toys to hold. The ASD children who are over-responsive to sight and sound should be given auditory integration training. Sound dampening tools like floor carpeting can also be included in their environment to reduce visual and sound distractions. Their effective communication can also be enhanced…

MEDICATION USED TO TREAT MEN AND WOMEN DISORDER The urinary system, specifically the urinary tract for both men and women, experiences some disorders. Urinary drugs used to treat disorders of the urinary tract are also used to manage the diseases of ureters, kidneys, urethra, and the bladder. Urinary tract infection is more common in females than males because of their smaller urethra. Examples of such diseases are inflammation of the urinary tract, cystitis that is the inflammation of bladder, urethritis, incontinence, and urinary retention (Benjamin, 2017). Some drugs act in the urinary system, specifically in the kidney, and they are used to treat cardiovascular disorders like high blood pressure and edema. E.coli bacteria cause all urinary tract infections. They are usually treated with antibiotics that are effective against Gram-negative bacteria. A 3-day course of TMP-SMX (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) together with a sulfa drug is a useful course (Benjamin, 2017). Also, bacterial infections can be treated by increasing the intake of vitamin C and fruit juices that increase the acidity of urine. As a result, the bacteria are prevented from multiplying. Cranberry juice…

MEDICATION USED TO TREAT MEN AND WOMEN DISORDER. The urinary system, specifically the urinary tract for both men and women, experience some disorders. Urinary drugs used to treat disorders of the urinary tract are also used to manage the diseases of kidneys, ureters, the bladder, and urethra. Urinary tract infection is more common in women than men because of the shorter urethra. Examples of such diseases are Inflammation of the urinary tract, inflammation of bladder called cystitis, inflammation of the urethra called urethritis, incontinence, and urinary retention. Some drugs act in the urinary system, specifically in the kidney, and they are used to treat cardiovascular disorder like high blood pressure and oedema. E.coli bacteria cause all urinary tract infections. They are usually treated with antibiotics that are effective against Gram-negative bacteria. A 3-day course of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) combined with a sulfa drug is a useful course. Also, bacterial infections can be treated by increasing the intake of vitamin C and fruit juices that increase the acidity of urine. As a result, the bacteria are prevented from multiplying. Cranberry juice suppresses…

Sensorimotor Disorders Introduction Sensory-motor skills entail the processes of acquiring sensory input from the environment (hearing, vestibular, vision, touch, proprioception, and taste) and body to generate motor responses. Sensory-motor integration refers to the capacity of the CNS (central nervous system) to combine various stimuli sources and adjusting it to create a motor activity. The development helps a child to gain utilization and coordination of their muscles of the arms, hands, trunk, and legs (motor development) and starts to sense the environment (via sensory input) through sounds, hearing, smell, sight, and taste. If motor functions, coordination, and motion is not in line with a broad scope of normal, sensorimotor disorders describe the abnormality. This paper reviews two articles on the treatment of sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy             Polyneuropathy occurs when various peripheral nerves are damaged, normally referred to as peripheral neuropathy. Poor motor functions are as a result of environmental, genetic, and event intrauterine factors. Various brain injuries during childhood can also contribute to sensorimotor polyneuropathy. The causes of abnormalities of the brain that give rise to sensory-processing disorders are not…

Mental disorder PTSD Introduction According to Dunmore, Clark, & Ehlers (2001), (PTSD) post-traumatic stress disorder is actually a disorder that develop mainly in some people who have underwent a scary, dangerous, or shocking event. We can say it is natural to feel afraid basically during and after a traumatic situation. Nearly we can say everyone will experience a range of reactions after a trauma, and yet most of people recover from initial symptoms just naturally. A lot of research has been done and many articles written about PTSD but this paper asserts to discuss the  possible causes of PTSD, its symptoms, and treatment options as well  in in-depth manner. Causes and effect of PTSD Majorly, PTSD is not caused by one single factor; rather a combination of risk factors as well as predisposition that basically work together causing its development. According to Allen, (2001) there are some well idedified causes for PTSD such as; Genetic inheritance, brain structures, ones historical brain environment as well as ones brain psychology. First genetic inheritance shows that anxiety disorders tent to run in families.in…

Bipolar Disorder Introduction Bipolar disorder is among the most highly studied neurological disorders. According to estimates from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), bipolar disorder affects more that 2% of adults in the US. The NIHM also estimates that 83% of the 2% that are affected have a severe case of the disorder. Bipolar disorder is marked by certain symptoms that are classified into four episodes that include mania, hypomania, depression, and mixed episode. The different forms of the disorder are all marked by a variety of related signs and symptoms that vary in severity or intensity. Although the disorder is considered to be complex, it is highly regarded as a treatable disorder. However, it is unfortunate that less than 40% of people affected by the disorder receive what the NIHM terms as “minimally sufficient treatment” due to lack of education, social stigma, and funding issues (Krans & Cherney, n.p). History Bipolar Disorder Krans & Cherney (n.p) have noted that the history of this disorder is possibly just as complicated as the disorder itself. The condition is highly regarded…

Autism Spectrum Disorder-Article connection The article by Hye Ran Park (2015) explains the etiology, clinical features and diagnosis, the relationship between ASD and the amygdala, and the treatment of ASD. According to this article, ASD is manifested in the first three years. This is because there are environmental causative elements, including pre-natal, peri-natal, and postnatal factors. Phenotypic features also contribute to the formation and maintenance of functional synapses (Szatmari et al., 1998). The second article by So Hyun Kim (2015) examines the phenotypic heterogeneity of ASD. This is connected to Park’s article, which cites phenotypes and genes as contributing factors to ASD. The report confirms/reinstates Park’s piece. In other words, these two articles acknowledge that genetic factors play a significant role in ASD. Also, the research done by Kim is for children aged two years. This is a confirmation that ASD affects children of tender age, not exceeding three years. Park’s article clearly explains that ASD is a disorder found in children below the age of 3. The report by Giacomo Vivanti (2012) explores the clinical, research, and cultural implications…

Response to Student: HIV Disorder Student1points out that HIV disorder constitutes ribonucleic acid, RNA. Like other RNA viruses, the disease is regarded as a retrovirus that has the capability to reverse replicating nine of RNA into deoxyribonucleic acid (Soto Ramírez, 2004). What is important to note is that the disorder does not replicate until when it is inside a living cell. It only enters into a cell when gp 120 in the viral envelope binds to specific CD4 receptor sites on the surface, as noted by student 1. Upon entering into the cells, HIV manifests through attacking the immune system, making it defenseless against other infections (Arcangelo et al., 2017). This condition is known as an immunodeficiency in patients. However, student one does not highlight a struggle that exists between HIV replication and the immune reactions of the patient, via immune-mediated and cell-mediated reactions. Research indicates that the HIV viral burden mainly mediates CD4+ T-cell damage. The destruction begins in the thymus, bone marrow, peripheral lymphoid organs, and within the nervous system, such as microglia. The outcome of this destruction…

Complex regional pain disorder Complex regional pain disorder is a persistent pain condition that often afflicts limb generally after an injury. Usually, the leading cause of CRPS is due to damage to the peripheral and central nervous systems composing of spinal cord and brain. The external neurotic system affects nerve signaling from the brain and spinal cord, reaching to the rest of the body. Therefore, CRPS mostly accompanied by excessive or prolonged pain, changes in temperature, and skin color, as in the case of the patient assigned. The wide variety of neurologic and musculoskeletal disorders that influence Impairment may be a result of altered muscular, skeletal, neurologic, or cognitive function. The first aim in addressing a patient with a presumed neurological and musculoskeletal disorder is to ascertain the accurate site of the lesion. The second aim is to determine the cause of the neurological and musculoskeletal dysfunction. Mainly, its diagnosis centers on a person’s medicinal history, signs, and symptoms that resemble the definition. Therefore the main approaches used on the patient with CRPS mostly are based on patient history, physical…

Dissociative Disorders It is imperative to note that dissociative disorders are mental diseases involving experiences like lack of continuity as well as a disconnection between memories, thoughts, surroundings, identity, and actions of a person. It has been observed that people assumed to have dissociative disorders escape reality in ways that are unhealthy and involuntary and are known to cause numerous problems in their daily life activities (Lynn et al., 2016). These disorders usually develop in a bid to act as a reaction to counter any traumatic situation hence helping keep off painful memories away. However, a significant question remains unanswered as to whether dissociative disorders exist. This is because several studies, some agreeing with the existence of these disorders, while other studies have disputed the existence of dissociative disorders (Lynn et al., 2016). As a result, a clear answer is yet to be given concerning the presence of dissociative disorders. Many controversies have come out regarding these disorders. Firstly, it is argued that dissociative disorders could be an artefact as a result of some iatrogenic influences (Lynn et al., 2016).…