Vitamin A and Eye Health Topic How does vitamin A help maintain eye health in the cornea and convert light energy in the retina? Major Statement The presence of vitamin A in our diet is crucial for healthy eyes. Vitamin A is acquired by animal and plant sources of food and they are stored in the liver. The forms of vitamin A which are retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid are then transported to where they are needed. Retinal is transported to the eyes because its role in the body is to aid in vision. Some retinal is stored in the cornea and the rest is stored in the retina. In the cornea, retinal helps to maintain a clear, moist, and healthy cornea. In the retina, retinal is used to convert light energy into electric impulses that send messages to the brain. Without vitamin A, these functions cannot take place. As a result, vision problems will occur and eventually blindness can happen. Forms of Vitamin A and Conversion of Vitamin A compounds Retinoids- Present in animal foods. Carotenoids- Present in…
Mental Health and HIV among Zambian Women Introduction HIV prevalence among women in Zambia is higher than that of their male counterparts. Statistics show that as of 2017, the prevalence of HIV in Zambia was 1.1 million adults (Avert,2018). Out of this number, 630,000 are women. Regarding young adults, 5.7% were women, with 2.5% being men. An increase in mental illness among women has been associated with an increased prevalence of HIV among Zambian women. (Schreiner,2017). Background There exists a very close relationship between HIV/Aids and mental illness. After HIV was recognized as well as its symptoms, it was noted to be frequently associated with psychiatric disorders. As people with HIV strive to live longer, such mental disorders increase substantially. In Zambia, there is a high prevalence of HIV among women with data indicating that the number is continuously growing. It was reported that in 2017, the estimated number of women infected with HIV in Zambia is 23000, and this number is by far high as compared to that of men. Most Zambia women who are most affected by HIV…
Comparison of Diseases Causing Dementia Your task is to complete this worksheet progressively through the semester, with your collated information for normal ageing, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), vascular dementia (VaD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) contributing to your assessment for CAD201, due on Monday 15th May, 2017 at 23:59 (Hobart time). You do not need to complete the Other Dementias section (HIV-associated cognitive decline and alcohol-related dementia) as part of your assessment, but you should aim to do so over the course of the semester. Below are some prompts as to the types of information that should be included for each disease as a minimum (some of these will not be relevant for normal ageing!), under the following headings: Prevalence and incidence How many persons in Australia does this disease affect? Are there countries that have substantially different (higher or lower) prevalence?(unique_solution) Anatomy and Physiology Which area(s) of the brain are affected in each disease? What are the normal structures, functions and behaviours? Pathology What are the changes that occur…
A book analysis of ‘The Uninhabitable Earth Life after warming’ by David Wallace –Wells Introduction For more than 30 years, scientists have been raising the issue about anthropological climate change, a warning that has candidly been overlooked. The book is an expansion of an article title “the uninhabitable earth written by Wallace Wells and was published in 2017 in New York. It frightened most of those who read it, and he wrote it at length, more remorseless on what the future holds for us. The book is made up of 12 brutal but short chapters with every one forecasting our dark future. The titles of the chapters are quite scary; Dying Oceans, Heat Death, Unbreathable air, economic collapse, Hunger, Disasters no longer Natural, Wildfire, Drowning, Freshwater drain, systems, and climate conflict. David Wallace aims at telling the condition as he puts in his first line of the book, “worse, and much worse than you think.” David Wallace starts by explaining the first five significant tragic mass extinction instances, which were all caused by climate change. The 10 degree Celsius warming…
How could you use expectancy theory to increase your own motivational level? According to the expectancy theory, an employee’s motivation originates as a result of valence, expectancy, and instrumentality. Valence is how much an individual wants to be rewarded; it is an expectation and not the facts that an employee expects to be given after achieving their goals. Expectancy is the assumption that effort will lead to the expected performance, having faith that if you provide better effort, one will receive better results. Expectancy is dependent on whether the employee has the relevant skills, the information needed, and the required resources to get the job done. Instrumentality is the belief that performance leads to rewards, believing that a logical outcome will always come if the return is good. This theory is dependent on the following relationships; effort performance relationship, performance reward relationship, and reward-personal goals. This theory states that it’s the employees who decide whether to work or not; the decision is entirely on the employee’s motivation level. What similarities do you see between motivating professional athletes and workers in…
Effects of legalizing all drugs in Canada Violence is regarded as main concern of society, and research indicate that illicit drugs is connecting to criminal activities. Many drug addicts end up in jails, which result to an increasing costs for fortifying law enforcement as well as society’s stability. In Canada, cannabis is considered the most commonly used illicit drug. Other illicit drugs include heroin, cocaine and opioid are also well-known by the general public. Majority of drug abusers have criminal records relate to their drug addictions, they are regarded as high-risky population that threaten to social sustainability. “Since the early 1990, federal Canadian government have routinely implemented so-called drug strategy policy” (Fischer, 2016). Each year, government designates a large amounts of money to take control of drugs abuse. For example, in 2003 drug strategy had $271 million of funds for drug repression, and funds increase to $335 million after three years (Fischer, 2016). In the recent year, drug policy in Canada shift to a more health-oriented approach. However, if all drugs are legalize in Canada, we could be expect to a substantial…
Autism Spectrum Disorder Etiology (known or suspected causes) of the disorder There is no known single factor cause for autism spectrum disorder. Due to the complexity of the condition, the symptoms will vary, and therefore, it has various causes and risk factors that exacerbate the development of the disorder, especially in the children. The environment and genetics are key causal factors. Concerning the genetics part of it for the syndromes like fragile X syndrome and Rett, the genetic mutations are responsible for the changes that increase the risk of developing autism. Some of the genetic mutations are inherited from the parents and affect the development of the brain and its communication (Christensen et al., 2018). For the environmental factors infections, the complications and medications used during pregnancy, as well as the pollution of the air, contribute to the initiation of autism spectrum disorder. Age of onset The disease is common in the children of around two years and is associated with social communication problems like having poor eye contact and may fail at victims to respond when called by their…
“narcotic drugs” and “controlled substances” According to Section 11364 HS, the terms “narcotic drugs” and “controlled substances” describe a category of particular drugs and other drug-like compounds. They include: Depressants Stimulants Opiates Hallucinogens The most common narcotics and controlled substances in these categories are: Heroin Methamphetamine PCP Cocaine After the enactment of Proposition 64 that permits persons above 21 years to possess recreational marijuana for personal use, marijuana is not included in HS 11364. Therefore, possession of items that you use to smoke marijuana is not a crime. However, if you use those tools for both marijuana and illegal drugs, you may face criminal charges for paraphernalia possession. Certain categories of people are exempt from legal action under HS 11364. They include: Law enforcement officers or any other person working under their direct supervision People with licenses from the California State Board of Pharmacy to transfer, sell or prescribe needles, hypodermic syringes or other objects designed for use in drug injection into the body. These people include dentists, doctors, podiatrists, pharmacists, veterinarians, retailers, wholesalers, and manufacturers.
A Rise in Homelessness Even as More Homes Get Built? Homelessness is a state of not having a home and shows a lack of ability for one to support themselves both physically and mentally. It is a situation that affects not only the homeless individual but also the society, and the country and is a huge constraint to the development of any nation. Homeless people cannot be fully productive since the situation deprives them of the peace of mind one gets in being assured a place that they can call home. A home is essential because of the sense of belonging and security it brings. Imagine living in an area where the law prohibited sitting down. Would it be possible to survive, having no place to fall asleep or keep one’s belongings? To a majority of the citizens, these situations would be unbearable to the extent of being ludicrous. However, to the group of people without a place to call home, these situations are part of their ordinary lives. As I walk through the street and see the despair in…
Misuse and Abuse of Opioids-Based Prescription drugs According to Boté, the fatalities associated with the opioids misuse and abuse increased six times between 1999 and 2017 (2). Over the recent past, the United States has been grappling with the problem of the opioids crisis. The problem of abuse and misuse of opioids has had severe effects on the United States, for example, by causing many deaths and certain health conditions. This paper explores the problem of abuse of opioids-based prescription drugs in terms of its history, effects on health, and possible solutions. The History of the Opioid Crisis The current problem of abuse and misuse of opioids can be traced back to the 1990s. Boté argues that “The 1990s mark the first wave with increase in opioids prescriptions with notable increase in opioids overdose around 1999” (2). This is the period in which pharmaceutical companies managed to convince healthcare providers that opioid-based medications were not only effective in managing chronic pain but also that these drugs did not have any addiction potential. As a result, healthcare providers prescribed these…