“Racism is a delirium that results, first, from the fact that the Black Man is the one (or the thing) that one sees when one sees nothing when one understands nothing, and above all, when one wishes to understand nothing.” “Blackness” and “Race” Introduction According to Mbembe (2017), blackness and race have served multiple purposes in the imaginaries of European societies. These two aspects have given rise to a delirium which is fostered by the modernity. The black reason, according to Ellison, (2016), entails a collection of voices, forms of knowledge, discourses, pronouncements, and commentary whose object is people or things of African origin. It is thus argued that the aspects of race and racism are not linked to the geographical origins but color, which all starts in mind. This particular state of mind is an attempt to hoist a reason out of the impurities and contamination of subjectivity as well as the relativity on to the transcendental plane that possesses both universality and objectivity. This essay explores the way of thinking of human beings and how such thoughts construct…

Chinese philosophy Chinese philosophy is comprised of various ideologies developed through social organization, cultural practices, and religious beliefs. There are several philosophies generated during the early years of china’s civilization that governed society and its governance models. Chinese philosophy has often been described as humanism due to the integration of social change facilitated by the conquests that took place during this era. The three main philosophies applied in governance were Confucianism, Daoism, and legalism. These three theories emerged amidst the instability and political chaos in China, especially in the Zhou period resulting in the development of numerous intellectual thinkers. These intellectuals developed various theories on measures that could be incorporated to help create stability and reduce discourse and chaos in society. This essay focuses on the three main philosophies developed during the Zhou era determining the philosophy that was best suited to promote peaceful co-existence in the community. The three philosophies presented were developed to deal with the chaos and unruliness in Chinese society during this era. However, each of the belief systems aimed to solve disputes in a unique…

Gordon Childe’s 10-criteria defining civilizations Introduction The concept of civilization has existed for centuries and is significant to the development of socially, economically, and politically complex urban societies. Anthropological conceptualization of the idea of civilization is incomplete without the consideration of V. Gordon Childe’s 10-criteria for defining civilization. Although Childe’s 10-criteria for defining urban revolution or civilization has faced critics such as lacking universality in their application, many scholars have used them as reference points when trying to understand civilization (Kelly, 2015). In definition, civilization refers to the process by which agricultural villages develop into urban societies with complex political, social, and economic structures. According to V. Gordon Childe, ten formal criteria can explain the concept of urban development or civilization. This article discusses some of V. Gordon Childe’s 10-criteria for defining civilization in order of their importance based on the way they were implemented in the old and new world civilizations. According to V. Gordon Childe (1950), the revolutions experienced in the new world like the industrial revolutions in England are repetitions of similar significant revolutions that could have…

                                                              The Epic of Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh represents a poem about a Sumerian King known for his adventures, strength, wisdom, perseverance and courage. Importantly, Gilgamesh, the king is also described by his flaws of egocentrism and pride. He is, however, respected by society and considered a great man. As the poem begins, the poet says, “.When the gods created Gilgamesh they gave him a perfect body. Shamash the glorious sun endowed him with beauty, Adad the god of the storm endowed him with courage, the great gods made his beauty perfect, surpassing all others, terrifying like a great wild bull. Two thirds they made him god and one third man” (P.1). His superiority is determined by the respect granted to him by the community. As the poet says on page 1, “Supreme over other kings, lordly in appearance, he is the hero, born of Uruk, the goring wild bull”. The aim of this exercise is to examine the epic poem of Gilgamesh and his adventurous journey centered on his character. Gilgamesh goes on a journey with…

Explain how much potential energy lies in the ground (Oil, Gas, Coal) and above the ground (water, wind)? According to science, precisely physics, energy is a term used for a quantitative matter which is transferred to any object or property so as to execute specific duties, or heat the object. Besides being a conserved quantity, energy can also be converted into various forms, but it can neither be created nor generated as the law of conservation of energy dictates. The most common types that energy takes are kinetic energy, found in a moving object, potential energy, which is stored energy by object’s position in a force field that can be either magnetic, gravitational or electric (Criekemans, 2018). And for living organism to stay alive, they also require energy, for instance, the energy that humans acquire from foods. The humans also require substantial amounts of energy from sources such as renewable energy, fossil fuels and nuclear energy to allow them to have an operational environment. Coal is one of the examples of the sources of non-renewable energy as it takes it…

Citizenship Essays: Wendell Berry A Citizen’s Response Section 1: The Royal ‘We’ In examining the concept of patriotism in matters of terrorism and peace, Berry (2003) utilizes the phrase royal ‘we’ to discuss the perspective of the National Security Strategy. Berry singles out the reference of ‘we’ in the thesis of the report, which reiterates the commitment of the American government to employ preventive measures through acts of war. The ambiguity of the pronoun, in this context, warrants the author’s question since it is not clear whether it refers to the actions of the state in the representation of the wishes of the American people or a few signatories. Particularly, Berry examines the position of the Strategy’s author, noting past acts of secrecy sanctioned by the government without the knowledge of the electorate. I this view, he calls it the royal ‘we’ because it primarily represents the top elite, in this case, the president who can implement an individualistic response to terrorism, while undermining the premise of democracy, which requires that the public be involved in crucial deliberations affecting the…

southernization Question 1 In this context, southernization refers to multifaceted processes that began in South Asia. Spreading all over the world. The development included interrelated strands of development like production of tropical and subtropical spices, cultivation and marketing of crops, and development of new technologies. The process of southernization reached its zenith after 1200, due to the events of the 13th century. In that time, there were numerous developments in terms of the distribution of wealth, power, and prestige. In the western hemisphere, several powers went down, for example, Cahokia., Toltec, and some countries in West Africa. That made central Asia the biggest conquerors of the 13th century. Question 2 According to Khaldun, Bedouins lead a life of wandering and movement since they have to fetch everything to survive, unlike sedentary people who are used to sitting and waiting for technology to work. Bedouins live in a state of anarchy, and they embrace lawlessness because law destroys humankind, an example with sedentary people (pg. 94). Bedouins have no political forces to protect their property because they work together to earn…

 relationship between the poor and the fragility of the planet As examples, I will point to the intimate relationship between the poor and the fragility of the planet, the conviction that everything in the world is connected, the critique of new paradigms and forms of power derived from technology, the call to seek other ways of understanding the economy and progress, the value proper to each creature, the human meaning of ecology, the need for forthright and honest debate, the serious responsibility of international and local policy, the throwaway culture and the proposal of a new lifestyle. Patriarch Bartholomew has spoken in particular of the need for each of us to repent of the ways we have harmed the planet, for “inasmuch as we all generate small ecological damage”, we are called to acknowledge “our contribution, smaller or greater, to the disfigurement and destruction of creation”.14 He has repeatedly stated this firmly and persuasively, challenging us to acknowledge our sins against creation: “For human beings… to destroy the biological diversity of God’s creation; for human beings to degrade the integrity…

From Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion, trans. James Strachey (New York, 1961)   In what does the peculiar value of religious ideas lie?   We have spoken of the hostility to civilization which is produced by the pressure that civilization exercises, the renunciations of instinct which it demands. If one imagines its prohibitions lifted — if, then, one may take any woman one pleases as a sexual object, if one may without hesitation kill one’s rival for her love or anyone else who stands in one’s way, if, too, one can carry off any of the other man’s belongings without asking leave — how splendid, what a string of satisfactions one’s life would be! True, one soon comes across the first difficulty: everyone else has exactly the same wishes as I have and will treat me with no more consideration than I treat him. And so in reality only one person could be made unrestrictedly happy by such a removal of the restrictions of civilization, and he would be a tyrant, a dictator, who had seized all the…

different tactics that each colonizer had when they embarked in the journey of conquering overseas colonies The scramble for territories during the colonial era was mainly aimed at exploiting new territories for valuable resources. The new colonies also offered a market for finished products. European Countries rushed into new colonies to establish their spheres of influence, especially since the industrial revolution was starting to flourish. The English, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and French scrambled for overseas territories with different methods of establishing their rule; they all however shared the main goal of economic gains. This discussion will highlight the different tactics that each colonizer had when they embarked in the journey of conquering overseas colonies. The British searched for new territories for resources gain, market expansion and the search for new settlement. To get the desired benefits, the British employed the use of the indirect rule in Colonial administration. Instead of creating an entirely new governing structure, the British used the already existing leadership. Traditional rulers were used to administrate the day to day activities. The British, through the use of…