protecting the database In a business environment, protecting the database is one of the crucial ways of preventing threats and malicious attacks. It is essential to restrict the usage of databases and therefore, processes and technologies are developed to restrict illegitimate users from gaining access to the database. A user is defined as someone who has access to the database. However, various categories of users exist and based on their operational roles, they are assigned names. A PUBLIC user is different from a PSEUDOSUPERUSER. Everyone else is considered public while the database administrator is considered as the superuser. Roles are assigned to users so that access to unauthorized entities can be restricted. Database security software ensures that the structure of the database remains the same, and it can be done by limiting certain types of users. In case of a job change, it is necessary for the business to train the newly hired for a month. Businesses operate within an unsafe environment and security of databases should be prioritized in this digital environment. Sudden malicious attacks and hazards can be…
data security and safety In an IT environment, data security and safety is one of the vital components that ensure the proper functioning and the principle of least privilege is regarded as one of the useful approaches of computer security. The principle mainly ensures data security by restricting the access of unauthorized users. They are given limited entry but fair enough to complete their job duties. Here, “users” indicate the employees or contractors who do not need access to all kinds of databases. The POLP approach reduces the number of liabilities, and most importantly, it reduces errors and disruptions in the computer network systems. Enterprises face risks associated with data breaches and attacks of malicious software. The necessity of restricting the nuances arises, and the principle of least privilege can resolve the issue. It is a computer security principle that network administrators implement in order to reduce incidents related to networks and computer systems. The users are given the least amount of privileges, and consequently, the chances of hacking reduce. The enterprise pathway can be safeguarded, and users will get…
Impact of the principle of least privilege on data security The least privilege principle (POLP) mainly denotes the access of users for a limited period. Within an IT environment, this principle is effective because the attackers can be denied access to critical systems (Krohn et al., 2005). The chances of data theft and breaches reduce as well. The users will be given only the required information. The given information would be enough for performing the job duties and responsibilities. In an organization, data security should be prioritized, and the principle of least privilege is an appropriate way of reducing the attacks and risks from cyber attackers. Discussion regarding the principle The principle is used by network managers so that they can secure the critical infrastructure of the company. The network systems are vulnerable, and POLP restricts the privileges of the users. Business growth, along with business flexibility, can be ensured. Often users do not require exposure to certain systems and might create a problematic situation. Hence, application of POLP ensures fewer liabilities. The users are not given excessive permissions,…
Cyber Terrorism Cyber terrorism is the use of computers or information technology to cause havoc or disruption in the society which is premeditated and politically motivated, For example, the May 2017 Wanacry incident that was termed as a worldwide cyber-attack. This targeted over 300,000 computers that operated on Microsoft Windows operating systems which were attacked was caused by the Wanacry ransomware cryptoworm. The malware encrypted someone’s data and demanded a ransom in the cryptocurrency before decrypting the data back to normal. This attack caused organizations to lose approximately $300 million, damaged reputation and loss of data and customers. It disrupted businesses, government services, contributed to the loss of revenue and creating tension all over. This type of attack could have been prevented or averted if people observed the following rules. Always ensure you are using a secured network, create a strong password for all your devices, keep your software updated including the Operating System or window, and manage your social media settings to enhance privacy. It is also important to have a backup of your data just in case you…
CBC algorithm Introduction: The CBC algorithm stands for the Cipher Block Chaining algorithm. It is a type of algorithm used in block cipher mode of operation. It generally uses a block cipher to provide information security aspects, such as security, confidentiality, authenticity, et cetera. A block cipher is usually used to encrypt a single unit of data, called bits or block. It is used for a secured cryptographic transformation, which is either encryption or decryption of a single block. CBC algorithm enables cipher’s single-block algorithm to be securely applied to large blocks of data on a loop so that the larger block gets divided into smaller blocks, and each block gets transformed cryptographically on an individual level. (Johnson & Baker (2019). The transformed blocks are then joined back to form the larger block of data. CBC was developed in 1976 by Ehrsam, Meyer, Tuchman, and Smith in 1976. Since its invention, CBC has been the most common mode of encryption when it comes to Cipher block chaining algorithms. Apart from its advantages, one of the main disadvantages of CBC is…
Concepts of Cryptography:Caesar Cipher Overview Caesar cipher is an old and simple encryption techniques, and also a very widely used one. (Smart, 2016). It is a type of substitute cipher where a plaintext letter is replaced by a letter which is at some fixed number of position in the alphabet chronology. For example: with a left shift of two, D would be replaced by B in encryption based on Caesar cipher. This method is named after Julius Caesar, who used this technique to communicate with his generals. Many more complex encryption techniques such as Vigenere and ROT13 are based on the principles of Caesar cipher. ( Nasution, Ginting, Syahrizal, and Rahim (2017). Example For a Caesar cipher to work properly, both the parties concerned should have the key to the cipher, as in which letter will be replaced by what in the encrypted message. It helps the sender to encrypt the message and the receiver to decrypt the message after receiving it. For this cipher, the key is the number of characters that needs to be shifted…
Corporate Strategies of HP Section 1 The paper extracted for performing the relevant study is written by Richard Waters. The paper’s name is “Why HP’s printers are a lesson for today’s tech leaders?” URL link – https://www.ft.com/content/84c847d6-017a-11ea-b7bc-f3fa4e77dd47? Section 2 (Source: https://lighthouse-sf.org/gala/colors-hp-logo/) The company chosen for bringing out the analysis in this paper is Hewlett-Packard (HP Inc.) Company. The company is a leading manufacturer of software and is also engaged in providing computer services to customers. The company is headquartered in Palo Alto, which is located in California (Bickel and Kryvinska 2017, August). The two joint founders of the company are William R. Hewlett and David Packard, who established the company on January 1, 1939. The company was established by following the ideas of Frederick Terman, who was a professor in the engineering department of Stanford University. The professor also provided support to the company through his innovative and creative ideas. The company was primarily established with the motive of manufacturing sophisticated instrumentation and soon became popular in its respective field. The first customer of HP Inc. was Walt Disney Productions.…
Counter Measures of GPS Radio Frequency Cyber Attacks Introduction For commercial Global Positioning System users, especially GPS jamming devices users, radiofrequency security is of the utmost concern. To address this problem, there are several countermeasures that the commercial Global Positioning System user has to consider to limit the radio frequency to the attackers, vandalism and espionage. The main aim of this discussion is to highlight the countermeasures against radio frequency cyber-attacks on commercial Global Positioning System following GPS jamming. The following countermeasures will prevent the attackers from accessing the commercial Global Positioning System radio frequencies; The default administrator password is commonly used to make the setup process simple. This default administration because network devices mostly use a wireless access point. Marginal protection is the only protection available as the default passwords are straightforward to obtain online. To make access to radio frequency harder for attackers to access the device, you have to change the default password. Protecting the Jamming devices to access the signals the user has to use and modify the intricate password regularly. Moreover, allow only the authorized…
OPTICAL CLEARING SUMMARY The article highlights the dehydration mechanisms used in optical tissue clearing. Results obtained outline that dehydration is a vital aspect in the optical clearance of cellular and collagenous tissues. As such, optical tissue clearing is highlighted as the tissue response to chemical agents such as glycerol with, in turn, increases optical clarity (Rylander et al., 2006). There are three hypothesized mechanisms used in light scatterings, such as tissue constituent’s dehydration, interstitial replacement, and structural modification of collagens that are used in the optical clearing. In other cases, the authors show that the refractive index and dehydration can be coupled but only for intrinsic structures. Hence, the refractive index is characterized in terms of the matching native and passive species. The motivation of the paper is based on the need to provide evidence that dehydration is an important optical aspect. So, the article utilizes two methods in comparing optical clearance in tissues. Moreover, the paper utilizes materials and methods to depict the properties of tissues immersed in water. As a result, the article used the evaporative process to…
Oligopolies Discussion Industries that are dominated by a few large firms are known as oligopolies. Most people prefer products made by a few large firms. In our daily lives, oligopoly is pervasive. From phones, airbuses, drinks, to many other products produced by large firms. Oligopolies are, therefore, prevalent all over the world (Head & Spencer, 2017). The cooperation among these firms helps them earn more from the consumers, despite their competition within a particular market. Examples of such industries include mass media, automobiles, computer and smartphone operating systems, and airlines, among others. Here, the decision of one firm influences or is influenced by that of other firms. Non-price competition is common in oligopolies. The amount a company spends on an input that is fixed is also fixed. Fixed costs are associated with such fixed inputs in the short run. On the other hand, variable inputs are related to variable costs. Fixed costs remain the same over a short-term, despite changes in several activity levels like sales volume. An industry or business with a high level of fixed costs demands high…