Discrimination against women (Literature Review)|
Introduction
Women discrimination has been on rampant since the post-world war ii periods whereby rapid growth of female labor force had been declining. In 1950, there was an average of 13.9% of the total women working in production sector in America whereas men were 86.4%.This indicates that there is a massive discrepancy between the percentage of men hired and women hired in the organizational industry. The paper seeks to discuss literature review on female discrimination based on ethnic, age, appearance among others. The article uses theoretical analysis to support the information given and provide evidence of discrimination against women. The paper explains the impacts of diversity, ethics and cultural competency which can be applied in public organization to eliminate discrimination against women.
1.) Theoretical Application
Traditional theory
Women discrimination in public and the private sector all over the world has been due to conservativeness on conventional culture. This is where women are considered as inferior and should not lead men leading to discrimination of women in the organizational sector. However, according to Gordon Allport, women should be given a chance to work in public organizations as they have got skills which can help to improve productivity (Allport, 2012). This theory suggests that white a man can do a woman can do better which thus supports women participating as leaders even in public sectors. Gordon suggests that employers should stop behaving negatively towards women as they also have potential in job performance. Don't use plagiarised sources.Get your custom essay just from $11/page
Classic Theory
Classic theory discusses the effects of wage discrimination against women whereby women are offered fewer wages and salary compared to men yet the task to be done by both males and females is the same. The theory has condemned discrimination against women in labor markets both in public and private sectors recommending that women should also have a chance to serve in these industries and perform in a better way.
Minimum wage theory
Wage discrimination theory discusses that many women are paid less money compared to men in many business sectors. There has been an investigation that most female workers receive less payment compared to men. This is due to the belief that women produce less compared to men or women don’t have many needs compared to men who have to provide for the family. According to GAO, there is a report showing that the amount of money earned by females weekly is three-quarter of the amount of money received by men same time and same job. The statistical data in 2001 in America for over 9,300 workers compared with the data for the Americans in the year 2015 for the same number of workers (D.Kristof, 2009).
Year EARNING(MEN) EARNINGS(WOMEN)
2001 $34 $30
2002 $30 $29
2003 $32,100 $30,100
2004 $43,000 $38,900
2005 $200,000 $200,000
2006 $12,000 $11,000
2007 $17,000.00 $13,000.00
2008 $7,000 $5,000
2009 $17,000.00 $12,000
2010 $178,000 $176,000.89
2011 $12,003 $11,000
2012 $128,000 $125,000
2013 $172,920 $123,900
2014 $13,900 $10,000
2015 $78,091 $76,919
Based on the data the Government Accountability Report indicates that the reason for men being paid higher than women would be caused by the following discussion. Women are less likely to work full-time which is why they are paid less. In this concept, it is argued that the women should be given the penalty of missing at workplace since men are always at work in time (Larry Neal and Carl Spetzler , 2015). This indicates that the men are more likely to produce more as compared to women since they report to work earlier and leave later which is accountable for the payment. The higher the production rates, the higher the chances of being paid more
Behavioral theory
Since women are less likely to produce high due to missing hours at work, then this must be the reason they are penalized and paid lesser than men (Green, 2010). Another reason is the idea of a woman not being able to stay at labor force for long, for example, women have children to breastfeed and are considered to take manual responsibility for the kids like breastfeeding, cooking and taking care of the chores. Men, on the other hand, have the responsibility of providing for the kids which means they must stay at work to earn more money to maintain the family.
Men are considered to be the head of the family and breadwinners. This makes women go home earlier and leave earlier to take care of the kids as men search for money to buy food. In such cases, women would produce lesser than men at the workplace (Hawkins, Stacy L., 2012). Also the issue of the maternity leaves whereby women get complications during pregnancies and are likely to abandon the job. Maternity leave would mean they would be earning income yet stay at home and not producing. This is the reason the Government Accounting Office finds it necessary to pay the lesser amount.
2.) Concepts of diversity, ethnics and culture competency on decision making in discrimination against women in public organization
Diversity is one factor which has resulted in the continuation of discrimination against women in the civic institution. Different types of people with different upbringing from various countries in the world have got different opinions regarding how to treat women. Another diversity is of religion matter whereby some religions consider women as inferior while others want to treat women equally with men (Hawkins, Stacy L., 2012). This variety has been contributing to persistence in discrimination against women in various parts of the world regardless of groups formed to fight for women rights and treat them equally with men. From the Biblical point of view, many people belief a man should dominate a woman which is why women should always be under men. This has been taken to be the case to apply in many sectors including public organizations and most people argue that the concept of men dominating women should apply everywhere not only in family level.
Ethnic is another concept resulting in persisting women discrimination in many parts of the world. For example, in the United States, Africans are considered to be low and should always serve the white man. Due to this concept, a black woman is not fairly treated with white women. She is paid less while working in the same organization with white women. This is due to racism which has been in America for an extended period.
Cultural competency has been discriminating against women to continue in many public organizations. Some cultures prevent women to rule men which is why women cannot take the leadership position in public sectors. Other cultures belief that women should stay at home and take care of the children while men go to work to bring food to the table. Some culture in African believes that a man should dominate a woman and women should not take a high position and work use to other home responsibilities they are supposed to handle (Glennen, 2012). Due to these opinions, women work fewer hours so that they hurry up from work to go and take over family responsibilities such as cooking, washing clothes for the family, taking care of children among others. This results in women being paid less since they contribute less to work due to the reduced working hours.
3.) Effective communication styles and techniques applied to public organization
Communication is applied in public organization as it helps to speed up the rate of production. Most of the recent styles of communication used are effective and efficient and have been saving time. The use of mobile phones to convey information from one department to another has been effective. There is no time wasted to move from one sector to another by the use of mobile phones compared to the use of face-to-face conveyance of information whereby one has to move from one area to another to relay the information. The use of emails to communicate in public organizations has also been effective. Most civic organizations have been applying this method to communicate to the employees and employers regarding the next move in the firm (Allport, 2012). There is an encouragement to always check on mails for all workers to check on recent updates. The method is cheap to use and does not take much time to reach the recipient. A manager or Chief Executive Officer can make one email and send to many employees all at once making it easier to convey information. Thus, usage of email to communicate in public organizations is efficient and does not take too much time to reach the pre-determined destination (Glennen, 2012). Another style of communication which is efficient to use in public organization is over the social media such as Face book and WhatsApp. Communication has been made easier due to the emergence of social media whereby information regarding job activities is posted to the group members. This method has been found to be effective as workers share information among one another even at long distances. The manager can also communicate with workers by the use of these social media to communicate with the employees and discuss on various problems encountered in the firm and what mitigations to take to overcome the difficulties. Another communication style used in public organization which is efficient and effective is the use of face-to-face discussion. This method gives everybody in the meeting time to raise their views and discuss on mitigations to undertake. This method gives members of the public organization a chance to express their opinion concerning a certain issue in the organization (CUSOMANACO, 2015). It is considered to be the best style of communication in that the CEO can manage to observe employee’s reaction concerning a certain issue and respond to it in the right way.
Conclusion
In conclusion, discrimination against women has been on the rise in the much working organization all over the world. Women have been considered to be inferior and thus offered lower jobs positions with less pay. This is due to culture diversity, ethnics among other diversified factors which are experienced in many sectors. There are theoretical approaches which explain reason behind discriminating against women in working organizations. It would be important for the world to evolve and view women differently and give them an equal chance with men. Women can do some task much better than men, and this can contribute to unity, collaboration and working together as a group which would accelerate the rate of growth and development.
References
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Allport, G. (2012). “The changing relationship between productivity, wages and unemployment in the UK,”. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics , 87-102.
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D.Kristof, N. (2009). Half the Sky:Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide. HighBridge, a division of Recorded books.
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