Effects of probiotics on Gut Microbiome

Effects of probiotics on Gut Microbiome

Abstract

estinalMore than half of the world’s population has difficulties in digestion dairy products due to its high lactose content. Lactose-intolerance is attributed to low lactase enzyme activity. Human gastrointestinal flora is constantly receiving supplements from live bacteria or yeast. Scientific studies have proven that the digestive system benefits a lot from probiotic properties in its involvement in intestinal rehabilitation.  Probiotics enhance immune responses, improve intestinal health, and reduce serum cholesterol. A series of accumulative evidence have shown that probiotic bacteria in yogurt and fresh milk can reduce lactose-intolerance.

This paper aims to review the effects of probiotics in the intestinal, which include altering the intestinal microbiome, boosting immunity, and alienating lactose-intolerance. Probiotics competitively increase adherence to the mucosa and epithelium, continuously modify the gut microbiome by communicating with the host by pattern.

Impacts of probiotics on Gut Microbiome

Introduction

Probiotics are living microorganisms that are offering health benefits to their host if administered in the right amounts. Several studies on probiotics indicated that there are benefits of certain probiotics when ingested. In as much as some foods had these microbes, synthetically engineered bacteria have been widely marketed, they are brought to the market as dietary supplementary (Markowiak, 2017). Probiotics have been found to have a significant effect on the gut microbiota that affects its composition and activity. Notably, this paper explores the impact of probiotics on lactose-intolerant persons.

Reduce Lactose-intolerance

People with lactose intolerance have a pathophysiological condition where colonic fermentation is altered, leading to clinical symptoms. In the colon, the colonic bacterial enzyme β-galactosidase hydrolyzes the spilled lactose to form glucose and galactose. The formed glucose and galactose are then converted back to lactase, propionate, SFA, butyrate, acetate, and additional microbial biomass. All these products plus the original lactose and the betwixt glucose and galactose from the osmotic load, causing an increase in transfer time in the colon and lead to diarrhea (Markowiak, 2017).

.

Lactose intolerance symptoms can be alleviated using the increased probiotic hydrolytic capacity to reduce the level of lactose. For this to take effect, it has to occur in the small intestines or dairy products. It is introduced in the small intestine to raise the overall hydrolytic capacity by lysing a live probiotic straight. (Janssen, 2018). This intervention will improve lactose-intolerance due to sonication of Lactobacillus acidophilus milk. Milk products contain Lactobacillicus Delbrueckii enzyme, which can deliver β-galactosidase activity since, even if not alive, it will protect β-galactosidase provided its membrane remains intact during the gastric passage. The presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus in yogurt improves lactose intolerance (Azcarate-Peril, 2017).

.

Boosting of immunity

Dairy products such as yogurt contain Lactobacillus Bulgaricus and  Streptococcus thermophiles probiotics. These are lactic bacteria that very useful in the human digestive system (Tomasik, 2020). Lactobacillus Bulgaricus help fight pathogens by increasing the level of acidity in the digestive system; it reduces the movement of bacteria across the human intestinal mucus, acts as a barrier for disease phenotypes not limited to gastrointestinal infections Track. In contrast, Streptococcus thermophiles reduce lactose intolerance on the body by breaking down lactose (Markowiak, 2017).

The human luminal contents are directly interconnected with the entire microbiome flora and the intestinal epithelium. The gut protects itself from pathogens by developing an intestinal barrier that consists of a layer of mucous and antimicrobial peptides, which maintains the intestinal integrity of the epithelial adhesion complex. These probiotics configure the human digestive tract immunity and change how the human intestinal epithelia respond to the microbiome in the lumen. Probiotics are microbes made to manipulate the human intestinal microbial communities, stimulate epithelial cell proliferation to suppress pathogens, and differentiate and forficate the intestinal barriers.

Probiotics alter the intestinal microbiome community

Probiotics can introduce a change in the composition of intestinal microbial communities. In a study of infants’ microbial changes. In the study, the introduction of the Lactobacillus Reuteri enzyme in the human body had a direct effect on the microbial community composition. From the results of the analysis of the fecal microbiome, it was observed that patients who used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis had a similar microbial composition. In contrast, the placebo group did not share the microbial composition (Azcarate-Peril, 2017).

In a recent study, on the human gut microbiome in relationship with neurological disorders, it was observed that the digestive microbiome in people with liver cirrhosis had changed and had inflammations in areas with intestinal barrier dysfunction (Tomasik, 2020).  These studies have opened discussions on the delicate relationships between the intestinal microbiome and digestive system-brain axis through the production of neuroendocrine molecules. It was demonstrated that germ-free mice had a 2.9 fold of serum serotonin than conventional mice,   there was no evidence though that enteric bacteria produced the Secrotinni. On the other hand, intestinal microbes like Lactobacilli converts glutamate into Gamma-aminobutyric acid (Janssen, 2018).

Conclusion

Probiotics have considerable effects on the composition and activities of the gut microbiota. Its impact on the intestinal system has considerably prevented diseases and therapeutically manipulated the digestive system. Most of these health benefits have not been substantiated by human experimental evidence. Besides, the efficiency recorded in one given bacterial strain cannot reflect onto other probiotic organisms. Furthermore, the mechanisms behind probiotic action cannot fully be explained.

References

Janssens, Y., Nielandt, J., Bronselaer, A., Debunne, N., Verbeke, F., Wynendaele, E. … & De Spiegeleer, B. (2018). Disbiome database: linking the microbiome to disease. BMC microbiology, 18(1), 50.

Azcarate-Peril, M. A., Ritter, A. J., Savaiano, D., Monteagudo-Mera, A., Anderson, C., Magness, S. T., & Klaenhammer, T. R. (2017).  Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the int microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(3), E367-E375.

Tomasik, P., & Tomasik, P. (2020). Probiotics, Non-Dairy Prebiotics, and Postbiotics in Nutrition. Applied Sciences, 10(4), 1470.

Markowiak, P., & Śliżewska, K. (2017). Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients, 9(9), 1021.

Effects of probiotics on Gut Microbiome

Abstract

estinalMore than half of the world’s population has difficulties in digestion dairy products due to its high lactose content. Lactose-intolerance is attributed to low lactase enzyme activity. Human gastrointestinal flora is constantly receiving supplements from live bacteria or yeast. Scientific studies have proven that the digestive system benefits a lot from probiotic properties in its involvement in intestinal rehabilitation.  Probiotics enhance immune responses, improve intestinal health, and reduce serum cholesterol. A series of accumulative evidence have shown that probiotic bacteria in yogurt and fresh milk can reduce lactose-intolerance.

This paper aims to review the effects of probiotics in the intestinal, which include altering the intestinal microbiome, boosting immunity, and alienating lactose-intolerance. Probiotics competitively increase adherence to the mucosa and epithelium, continuously modify the gut microbiome by communicating with the host by pattern.

Impacts of probiotics on Gut Microbiome

Introduction

Probiotics are living microorganisms that are offering health benefits to their host if administered in the right amounts. Several studies on probiotics indicated that there are benefits of certain probiotics when ingested. In as much as some foods had these microbes, synthetically engineered bacteria have been widely marketed, they are brought to the market as dietary supplementary (Markowiak, 2017). Probiotics have been found to have a significant effect on the gut microbiota that affects its composition and activity. Notably, this paper explores the impact of probiotics on lactose-intolerant persons.

Reduce Lactose-intolerance

People with lactose intolerance have a pathophysiological condition where colonic fermentation is altered, leading to clinical symptoms. In the colon, the colonic bacterial enzyme β-galactosidase hydrolyzes the spilled lactose to form glucose and galactose. The formed glucose and galactose are then converted back to lactase, propionate, SFA, butyrate, acetate, and additional microbial biomass. All these products plus the original lactose and the betwixt glucose and galactose from the osmotic load, causing an increase in transfer time in the colon and lead to diarrhea (Markowiak, 2017).

.

Lactose intolerance symptoms can be alleviated using the increased probiotic hydrolytic capacity to reduce the level of lactose. For this to take effect, it has to occur in the small intestines or dairy products. It is introduced in the small intestine to raise the overall hydrolytic capacity by lysing a live probiotic straight. (Janssen, 2018). This intervention will improve lactose-intolerance due to sonication of Lactobacillus acidophilus milk. Milk products contain Lactobacillicus Delbrueckii enzyme, which can deliver β-galactosidase activity since, even if not alive, it will protect β-galactosidase provided its membrane remains intact during the gastric passage. The presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus in yogurt improves lactose intolerance (Azcarate-Peril, 2017).

.

Boosting of immunity

Dairy products such as yogurt contain Lactobacillus Bulgaricus and  Streptococcus thermophiles probiotics. These are lactic bacteria that very useful in the human digestive system (Tomasik, 2020). Lactobacillus Bulgaricus help fight pathogens by increasing the level of acidity in the digestive system; it reduces the movement of bacteria across the human intestinal mucus, acts as a barrier for disease phenotypes not limited to gastrointestinal infections Track. In contrast, Streptococcus thermophiles reduce lactose intolerance on the body by breaking down lactose (Markowiak, 2017).

The human luminal contents are directly interconnected with the entire microbiome flora and the intestinal epithelium. The gut protects itself from pathogens by developing an intestinal barrier that consists of a layer of mucous and antimicrobial peptides, which maintains the intestinal integrity of the epithelial adhesion complex. These probiotics configure the human digestive tract immunity and change how the human intestinal epithelia respond to the microbiome in the lumen. Probiotics are microbes made to manipulate the human intestinal microbial communities, stimulate epithelial cell proliferation to suppress pathogens, and differentiate and forficate the intestinal barriers.

Probiotics alter the intestinal microbiome community

Probiotics can introduce a change in the composition of intestinal microbial communities. In a study of infants’ microbial changes. In the study, the introduction of the Lactobacillus Reuteri enzyme in the human body had a direct effect on the microbial community composition. From the results of the analysis of the fecal microbiome, it was observed that patients who used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis had a similar microbial composition. In contrast, the placebo group did not share the microbial composition (Azcarate-Peril, 2017).

In a recent study, on the human gut microbiome in relationship with neurological disorders, it was observed that the digestive microbiome in people with liver cirrhosis had changed and had inflammations in areas with intestinal barrier dysfunction (Tomasik, 2020).  These studies have opened discussions on the delicate relationships between the intestinal microbiome and digestive system-brain axis through the production of neuroendocrine molecules. It was demonstrated that germ-free mice had a 2.9 fold of serum serotonin than conventional mice,   there was no evidence though that enteric bacteria produced the Secrotinni. On the other hand, intestinal microbes like Lactobacilli converts glutamate into Gamma-aminobutyric acid (Janssen, 2018).

Conclusion

Probiotics have considerable effects on the composition and activities of the gut microbiota. Its impact on the intestinal system has considerably prevented diseases and therapeutically manipulated the digestive system. Most of these health benefits have not been substantiated by human experimental evidence. Besides, the efficiency recorded in one given bacterial strain cannot reflect onto other probiotic organisms. Furthermore, the mechanisms behind probiotic action cannot fully be explained.

References

Janssens, Y., Nielandt, J., Bronselaer, A., Debunne, N., Verbeke, F., Wynendaele, E. … & De Spiegeleer, B. (2018). Disbiome database: linking the microbiome to disease. BMC microbiology, 18(1), 50.

Azcarate-Peril, M. A., Ritter, A. J., Savaiano, D., Monteagudo-Mera, A., Anderson, C., Magness, S. T., & Klaenhammer, T. R. (2017).  Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the int microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(3), E367-E375.

Tomasik, P., & Tomasik, P. (2020). Probiotics, Non-Dairy Prebiotics, and Postbiotics in Nutrition. Applied Sciences, 10(4), 1470.

Markowiak, P., & Śliżewska, K. (2017). Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients, 9(9), 1021.