four Ds in In psychology

four Ds in In psychology

In psychology, four Ds mainly focus on the study of behavior, emotions, and cognition of human beings. However, there are so many subjects and topics which an individual is capable of learning under the field of abnormal psychology such as schizophrenia, dissociative disorder, personality disorders, and pedophilia. Also, it is sometimes hectic when one wants to determine or diagnose any mental disease that a particular person is suffering from. The four Ds include danger, dysfunction, distress, and deviance, which are mostly used in healthcare setup to determine whether a patient’s emotions or behaviors can be regarded as a disorder.

The first D is deviance, which is the process or effect that makes and individual to abstain or venture away from their cultural norms. The second D is dysfunction and this includes or composes of daily activities or tasks that a person involves in and how they can be negatively affected. The third D is distress this is among the critical part of a human being because he might experience a lot amount of disturbances and discomfort which are created within their behavior and life. The last D is danger and this might refer to how life threatening behaviors are either to that person or to others who are close to him or her.

1b

One of the family members has been showing so many signs and symptoms that fall under the category of four D’s.One of the characters was that of often sleeping and not feeling to get out of bed which shows that is stressed also some of the funny characters like going out in casino and betting all the rent money without knowing how he will pay his apartment rent when he loses the bet which is a sign of danger. Another sign is that of insomnia which shows that he is experiencing dysfunction at a certain level and showing some odd behaviors and urges for playing games that he has never played since his childhood.

2a

The deinstitutionalization of people during that period was not the correct choice because there reasons were weak. First it is only in the hospitals that these individuals with mental illness could get all the care and treatment they need to get back to their normal lifestyle. The fact that the healthcare facilities were crowded could not have geared towards the process of integrating them back in the society because they would have diagnosed and release them according to their rate of mental illness. On personal thinking the integrating mental ill people in the society caused more harm to other who are not mentally ill since they have to take care of their relatives and even the resources provided by the government at that level made the rate of poverty to increase.

2b

In modern society the integration process of mentally ill persons in the community can work well and have good results to the victims. The changes in the federal laws such as the introduction of Medicaid plays an important role in funding of the family affected in state hospitals which means that they will share the bill with the federal government. This means that the government is capable of managing the situation by moving the affected families to nursing homes and community hospitals which are supported by Medicaid. In modern healthcare facilities the services offered are of high profession and they even look like luxury hotels and they are created and designed in a resort like atmosphere and they possess all the amenities which deal with all forms of mental illness.

3a

Psychiatrists are trained medical doctors that specifically focus or specialize in mental health, and they are capable of diagnosing and treating patients that experience emotional or behavioral and mental problems. Also, psychiatrist can conduct both psychological and medical laboratory tests to evaluate a person’s mental and physical needs, and this means they can be employed in broad scope setting such as private practice, hospitals, and behavioral health facilities.

Psychologists are generally trained to improve the overall health and wellbeing of a human being. They usually focus on the rational and human brain and how these components affect the behavior of an individual. Also, psychologists can work in schools, healthcare facilities, nursing homes, private practice, and government by providing their help to individuals experiencing emotional and psychological difficulties.

Clinical social workers are professionals who promote social justice and capable of reducing barriers to needed services for families, groups, and individuals with limited resources. Also, the clinical social workers are n a position to diagnose and treat mental health disorders, and they do this following DSM-5 criteria. Social workers can work in hospitals, mental health organizations, schools, human services agencies, private practice, and community development organizations.

Psychiatric nurses usually work with families, individuals, and communities to address mental issues and needs. Also, it assists profoundly in the development of nursing care plans and even provides some crisis intervention and counseling. Psychiatric nurses can work in clinics, jails, drug rehabilitation centers, and psychiatric hospitals.

4a

Antidepressants are drugs that are manufactured to treat depression in individuals with mental illness in society. However, they have side effects such as drowsiness, dry mouth, weight gain, blurred vision, constipation, and sexual dysfunction. On the other hand, antipsychotic drugs also work in the same way as antidepressants, but they differ in the form of a treatment since they work best in cases of schizophrenia. They have side effects such as tremors, muscle spasms, inner restlessness, sexual dysfunction, and purposeless movements. The ant anxiety drugs perform the same functions as those related to both an antidepressant and antipsychotic because they treat mental illness but with different effects depending on an individual’s depth of disease. However, they can manage some acute anxiety, but they have side effects related to antidepressants and antipsychotics such as drowsiness, dizziness, and attention problems.

4b

The electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was invented in Italy in the late 1930s to reduce the seizures and could also help in relieving the mental illness symptoms. The ECT improves aggression and agitation in individuals who have severe autism or dementia. Before the treatment, the physicians give the patient an intravenous (IV) line, which is responsible for placing medicine into someone’s blood. After that, the patient is given anesthesia to sleep and medication to relax the muscles, and then the doctors continuously keep watching the heart rate, breathing carefully, and blood pressure. In the process, the doctor places electrodes on the patient’s head, whereby the electric current will have to travel through the wires for about 1 or 2 seconds into the patient’s brain. The ECT treatment usually takes a period of 3 times per week, which is almost 6 to 12 treatments until the depression lifts.

5a

Intelligence tests generally measure of intelligence of an individual such as analytical thinking, short term memory, spatial recognition, and mathematical ability. However, the widely used intelligence tests include the standard-Binet intelligence scale and the Wechsler scales, which were introduced in early 1916.

Neuropsychological tests are designed to measure the psychological functions of an individual’s which are mostly linked to a specific structure of the brain. The tests usually occur in a secluded and quiet environment where there are only the examiner and the patient.

Psychophysiological tests are the physiological processes, and the behavior tests carried out by psychologists to find out the impact they have on an individual or another party. However, psychologists have a lot of techniques that are designed explicitly to asses individual activity or events in various body systems. These tests usually focus on the behavior of the brain of an individual and how they are affected when things don’t go as planned or expected. Mostly in Psychophysiological tests, psychologists or healthcare professionals focus on how the brain affects the body and the relationship that exists between mind and body.

Projective tests usually use a lot of ambiguous stimuli to measure the personality traits of an individual. In most cases, the person is given or shown some image whereby you are expected to give out the first response that comes in your head about that particular image. There are different types of projective tests such as the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), where a person looks at a series of ambiguous scenes then later asked to tell a story about the views.