Global justices
The three books, Hobsbawm’s “Age of Extremes,” Castells “Networks of Outrage and Hope,” and Harari’s “21 Lessons for the 21st Century,” explain global justices and technology from different approaches. In the book “Age of Extremes,” Hobsbawm depicts the twentieth century as a revolution tempest, genocide, economic exploitation, technological error, total war, and political illusion. Although Hobsbawm and Harari explain technology and globalization, castells in his book “Networks of Outrage and Hope,” provides the best analysis on global justices and technology.
Castells argues that through the internet, there has been a creation of space autonomy purposely for exchanging information as well as sharing feelings of gathered outrage and hope (Castells, 2015). Harari argues that, as technology tends to advance faster than people’s understanding of it, hacking emerges as a tactic of war. In the end, the world feels more polarized than ever before, which is contrary to what Castles records. On the other hand, Hobsbawm claims that in the short century, communication becomes a messianic faith, and it collapsed ignominiously as castles say that it is through the internet that has helped the 21t century movements turn out to be more influential compared to those from the past (Foster, 2013).
Additionally,Castells hyped on an endless potential and mostly on the internet and globalization as opposed by Harari in his book “21st lessons for the 21st century. The author focuses on the information age as well as the social network, which is the core in the book “Networks of Outrage and Hope.” (Castells, 2012) Castells sees a new development that has excellent progressive potential as he claims that networked social movements create free space through the combination of a virtual as well as an urban space (Castells, 2012). This can never be controlled by evil hegemonic powers and may lead the democracy renewal as well as the seemingly inevitable goals of the “real democracy.” Unlike Harari, whose major claims are predictions for the future, castells arguments on the four mentioned movements in his book have already been a success.. Don't use plagiarised sources.Get your custom essay just from $11/page
Moreover, in work, Harari claims that technology may reduce the availability of paid labor for humans, generating millions of “space” persons. In that case, we may widen the range of human doings, which are termed as being “jobs.” He sustains that discussing jobless in the future is entirely premature, something castells in his book “Age of Extremes,” do not agree. Hobsbawm, on the other side, makes a compelling argument on globalization, stating that it is never the same as the cosmopolitanism because the rising of interdependence has also never fostered the political institutions to hold for the expansion of the global market together.
Through mass communication, the internet has enabled global justice movements to become widely common, not just in a community but entirely across the globe. The Internet age has allowed complaint that is becoming more of a threat towards enduring structure based on society than even ever before as Manuel Castell’s records (Fuchs, 2014). Harari discusses very little on civil society, governments as well as the private sector, which have a significant role to play but teed up a crucial global conversation based on how the 21st-century issues should be handled as that has been discussed in details by Castells in his book.
Furthermore, Castells has examined cultural, political roots, and social for the new social movements assessing the precise duty of technology in the dynamics of movements suggesting for the reasons that support segments of society, which has less discussed by Hobsbawm. The author (Castells) believes strongly that it is through internet networks where we can get material support for political participation of any type and leaderless organization.
Harari’s claims on data and privacy state that much more information is currently being collected on individuals than any other time before and Castells replies, stating that communication involves data transfer, which is an information end result. Harari, from Castell’s arguments, does differentiate among the types of gathered data.Modern networked movements indeed have a reflection on societal moves towards individualism and distrust of the government. For instance, one may support a movement politically as he or she admits that they have been ineffective.
Sociologist castells argue that globalization movements have probably been allowed by the mass networks based on self-communication that are characterized by information societies of Age. However, not only do the movements flourish due to the internet, they reflect more on its structure (Castells & Kumar, 2014).Hobsbawm particularly claims that globalization cannot be reversible, but it is unpredictable (Foster, 2013).Here, the author seems never to have reflections of the dismal records based on a stable centralized government while dealing with issues like ecology or the creation of wealth in the past (Hobsbawm, 2014).
Social movements are the core producers of new values as well as the goals around which institutions within the society are transformed in order to represent those values by developing new norms to organize social life as castells states (Castells, 2015).Communication is regarded as a process that involves the sharing of meanings via negotiation and exchange of information (Cohen, 2013). In both the Tunisia revolution and the Iceland revolution, social movements were triggered by the emotional upheaval that was due to unbearable occasions (Fuchs, 2014). In both cases, the possibility of overcoming fear was due to togetherness that was built in networks based on cyberspace as well as within the communities from urban space.
Castells provides new forms of social movements in his book and provides an analytical template to advance the debate by triggering the concerns of new forms of political democracy and social change in the global social network, unlike Hobsbawm and Harari. Additionally, Castells sees a new development that has excellent progressive potential as he claims that networked social movements create free space through the combination of a virtual as well as an urban space (Castells, 2012). Unlike Harari, whose major claims are predictions for the future, castells arguments on the four mentioned movements in his book have already been a success.
Harari has untangled political, social, and existential questions, technological and highlighted, on how they have impacts on today’s humans worldwide (Harari, 2018). At the same time, castells make use of several social movements that are erupting in the world of today, and Hobsbawm discusses in detail more on globalization issues in the twentieth century (Hobsbawm,2020). The three books have explained clearly about the world’s current globalization. However, Harari makes predictions on all his explanations compared to castells and Hobsbawm, whose discussions have already come to pass.
Harari argues that it is social media like Facebook, which has contributed towards political polarization by enabling users to cocoon themselves but undersells the advantages of linking friends and family across the globe. However, Harari’s arguments on social media are counter-argued by analysis of Castells. Further, Castells claims that social movements are the core producers of new values as well as the goals around which institutions within the society are transformed in order to represent those values by developing new norms to organize social life.
However, modern networked movements indeed have a reflection on societal moves towards individualism and distrust of the government. For instance, one may support a movement politically as he or she admits that they have been ineffective. Contrary, castells record that social movements are the core of changes in society, forgetting to hedge that due to the existence of elites, as Hobsbawm counters the argument (Castells,2012). On societal change, Harari differs from Castells and Hobsbawm as he suggests that there could be potential for significant societal disruption as people are not able to afford the complacency with risks on bloody revolutions based on systemic unemployment (Forte, 2019).
To conclude, throughout the analysis, Hobsbawm and Harari explained technology and globalization, but castells in his book “Networks of Outrage and Hope,” provided the best analysis on global justices and technology. Social policies are highly concerned with various ways for which societies across the globe should meet human needs based on their wellbeing, security, health, and work. There is a need for better social policies to fully address how societies and states have to respond to any kind of global challenges on social, economic changes, globalization, and technology, among many others. However, the family, national governments, civil society, as well as international organizations, should adhere to their roles for the benefit of people.
Lastly, social policies should expand all its scope towards the welfare world from the welfare state. Also, they should focus on transformative features and transformative process. Future studies should focus mostly on global justices in relation to human rights. The future may be influenced greatly by global change as re-shaped agenda due to the growing of practicing global justices. In the study, there should be an argument on whether global justice is both an instrument of political and social as well as being a normal claim.
References
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