Identifying a Clinical Question

Identifying a Clinical Question

Part One

Introduction

Overweight and obesity in the United States have become one of the serious health problems affecting more than 35% of the American population. As per the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), they have termed the condition as a national epidemic due to substantial death and injuries it causesWilliams et al., (2015). The disease is also associated with other severe health conditions that affect physical, metabolic, and psychological health to an individual. Overweight and obesity are well-defined by the body mass index, calculated by dividing the total weight in kilograms by the square of height (in meters).  The primary concentrate of the paper is to perform a literature search, particularly on overweight and obesity, and extract an article that has the best nursing interventions and its relevance.

PICOT Question and Format

In nursing, PICOT is one of the formats that is critical in summarizing research questions with the primary aim of exploring an effective therapy for a specific disease or conditionElias et al., (2015). In our case, focusing on the format will enable clinicians to have particular questions and answers concerning the upward upsurge of overweight and obesity, which has become one of the health-threatening conditions in the current United States.The primary subject of the search is on how prevalent overweight and obesity are, and can they affect our lives. The first P in the acronym represents population/patients, which focuses on age, gender, and ethnicity vulnerable or with the condition. The Letter I that focuses on intervention, in our case, will focus on giving the risk behavior and exposure factors associated with overweight and obesityElias et al., (2015). The letter C stands for Comparison/Control-concentrates on the probable control methods for the clinical question. The letter O will helps in determining the outcome. For example, in our search- what are some of the risks associated with obesity. The last letter T that observes time will involve the interventions taken to realize the outcome..

Part Two

Literature Search

Overweight and obesity have risen dramatically in the United States for the past decades, with adults doubling significantly. The cases of overweight and obesity have become prevalent across all gender, ages, race, and socio-economic groups, the aspect that has compromised the health and well-being of affected individuals. Appropriate interventions, more literature search, and scientific research need to be founded to have adequate knowledge and incorporate very best preventive interventions and treatment methods.

According to Christopher J Brewer and Adam H Balen, they conducted research that considered the effect of obesity, especially to women conception and implantation. The three authors found that many multiparous women have a BMI of more than 30, meaning they are obese. They realized that overweight and obesity had become a prevalent health topic in modern society (Brewer & Balen, 2010). The women are not infertile, but due to the associated negative effect upon fecundity and fertility have been well documented. The women with overweight and obese are three more times likely to suffer infertility three times as compared to women with healthy BMI. Primarily according to authors, obesity impairs fertility through an impact upon the control of ovulation, development of oocytes and endometrial, and pregnancy loss. The loss of weight through checking on lifestyle modification and the use of bariatric surgery were illustrated to restore the problem triggered by overweight and obesity.

The article by Han, Lawlor, and Kimm has focused on childhood obesity. The report, through reviewing the work done, they realized that childhood obesity has drastically increased for the past three decades with increased occurrence in children with type 2 diabetes condition.Significant studies have been conducted in understanding the genetics and physiology of the comparison behind the obesity epidemic(Han, Lawlor & Kimm, 2010).Through such studies, the authors stipulate that type 2 diabetes has provided room for learning on preventive and reversal strategies of obesity among children. The interventions suggested involve calorie intake and physical activity reassessment as well as improve on quantification at the population level due to the sedentary lifestyles of children nowadays. The methods that encourage energy usage and decrease the intake of fats food are supported towards eradicating childhood obesity.

According to the data presented by Ogden et al. (2014), by extracting it from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey on the obesity prevalence among adults and youths showed that in 2011-2014 the prevalence of obesity was 36.5% in adults. The prevalence of the condition was higher in women 38.3%, and the males had 34.3%. With age, individuals aged 40-59 and adults aged 60 and above had a higher percentage of obese as compared to younger adults aged 29-39. The prevalence of obesity concerning race was lowest among non-Hispanic Asian adults (11.4 %), 34.5% in non-Hispanic whites, Hispanic with 42.4%, and non-Hispanic black adults registering a high figure of 48.1%. The study did not offer evidence-based why some populations had a high prevalence of obesity and the interventions needed to prevent or control overweight and obesity.

Stein and Colditz, in the journal of The Epidemic of Obesity, have outlined different concepts concerning overweight and obesity. The article highlight on other significant health and economic outcome realized as the obesity epidemic spread. Currently, the result shows that more than 64% of American adults have overweight and obesity. Due to the issue such as lifestyles that involves eating habits of energy intakes and less energy expenditure from high food with fat have raised the cases of overweight and obesity (Stein & Colditz, 2014). However, some of the lifestyles, such as watching television, video-gaming, and other sedentary activities, are not well documented on how they cause overweight and obesity among children and adults. Technological advancements have significantly reduced physical activities, which is mainly recommended to reduce overweight and obesity. The excess weight has also been linked with other health complications such as heart diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and premature mortality.

Williams et al. (2015) have reviewed a variety of contexts concerning overweight and obesity. The measurement and clarification, prevalence, and any change in previous years, genetic, biological, medical, and social correlates of OW/obesity. The article has concentrated on prevalence, impacts, and causes of the growing health concern. A range of innovative studies in nursing practice, such as fundamental studies on microflora, dietary composition, pharmacologic Interventions, and surgical procedures, have been prioritized to the prevention and treatment of OW/obesity. Over past decades, social system programs that focus on personal, family, and health providers concerning awareness have been proposed in the article towards the prevention and treatments of OW/obesity.

Part Three

Article with Best Nursing Interventions Approaches for overweight and Obesity and its Relevance

The report by Stein and Colditz concerning the Epidemic of Obesity has outlined the best nursing interventions towards addressing the issue of overweight and obesity. Elaborating on the prevalence of the condition, cause, and authors have also suggested other associated risks, the responses towards treatment and preventions. Although the article has brought ideas to think of, like sedentary activities and technological advancement on OW/obesity, interventions have been crafted. The journal has primarily focused on the lifestyle that is the leading cause of overweight and obesity. The authors have also stretched on reducing food with fat content and the focus of physical activities for energy expenditure (Stein&Colditz, 2014). The journal has also given the other health problems that are linked with OW/obesity such as, cardiovascular diseases, high blood sugar level, diabetes, and cerebrovascular diseases, among others, including socio-economic issues. Therefore, it is significant to understand the literature behind overweight and obesity, how prevalent, and health problems associated with it as the article educates for prevention and treatment purposes.

Conclusion

The cases of overweight and obesity are common across all the ethnic groups, ages, and gender; hence, it is critical to have sensitization to the entire population to have adequate knowledge with the condition. From the literature research, it is evident that OW/obesity is associated with a diverse number of health concerns that cause deaths and other complications such as injuries and disabilities. Having regular physical exercise and monitoring dietary composition have been proposed by most of the articles as the best interventions towards the prevention and treatments of OW/Obesity. More scientific research foundations need to be created that train nurses on how to carry on research that is beneficial in having adequate knowledge with the condition and offer EBP in clinical practice in promoting and improving health.

References

References

Brewer, C. J., & Balen, A. H. (2010). The adverse effects of obesity on conception and implantation. REPRODUCTION, 140(3), 347-364. doi:10.1530/rep-09-0568

Elias, B. L., Polancich, S., Jones, C., & Colvin, S. (2015). Evolving the PICOT Method for the Digital Age: The PICOT-D. Journal of Nursing Education, 54(10), 594-599. doi:10.3928/01484834-20150916-09

Han, J. C., Lawlor, D. A., & Kimm, S. Y. (2010). Childhood obesity. The Lancet, 375(9727), 1737-1748. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60171-7

Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. Survey of Anesthesiology, 58(4), 206. doi:10.1097/01.sa.0000451505.72517.a5

Stein, C. J., & Colditz, G. A. (2014). The Epidemic of Obesity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(6), 2522-2525. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0288

Williams, E. P., Mesidor, M., Winters, K., Dubbert, P. M., & Wyatt, S. B. (2015). Overweight and Obesity: Prevalence, Consequences, and Causes of a Growing Public Health Problem. Current Obesity Reports, 4(3), 363-370. doi:10.1007/s13679-015-0169-4