Mexican Government and Politics

Mexican Government and Politics

1. Malinche was mother to the first Mexican slave interpreter and a crucial part of bringing Christianity to Mexico. With the advent of Christianity, cannibalism and human sacrifice ended.
2. Caciques are titles referring to Mexican or West Indies leaders. The titles were used by Spaniards.
3. Mestizo is a mixed race of people having both indigenous and European heritage. They held a social advantage over other tribes in colonial Mexico due to their mixed origin.
4. National Museum of Anthropology is the largest collection of Mexican history housed in the largest museum in Mexico.
5. Virgin Guadalupe is the patron saint of Mexico. Virgin Guadalupe is also the catholic title for the Virgin Mary, who appeared to an indigenous Mexican.
6. Six child heroes are unyielding young Mexicans who refused to give up against superior American forces. They fought and died for the honor of their country.
7. The Porfiriato is the era of General Porfirio as the president of Mexico. In this time between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, there was systemic corruption and increased social ills.
8. The Constitution of 1917, still in force almost 100 years later, has 137 articles. These define citizenship, organize a government, mandate land reform, and enumerate basic human rights for all Mexicans.
9. The Mexican Revolution began in 1910. It ended dictatorship and led to the Constitution of 1917.
10. Octavia Paz was a Mexican critic who opined that solitude is a key component of Mexican history. Mexico, in its character, is a labyrinth of solitude.

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11. Machismo has long been celebrated in Mexican culture. It can be seen in the art, movies, and telenovelas.
12. The ‘Chignon’ is a Mexican word used for a hard, unbending person.
13. A brilliant marksman and a popular leader, Macías assumes command of a band of disaffected peasants and shapes them into a potent guerrilla fighting force.
14. Lazaro Cardenas served a six-year term as President of Mexico. He nationalized the oil industry in Mexico and created Pemex.
15. Pemex is the state-owned Mexican petroleum company. It was created by Lazaro Cardenas administration.
16. Vicente Lombardo Toledano was a prominent labor leader during the presidency of Cardenas. Toledano opposed the election of Cardenas in 1934.
17. Manuel Avila Camacho served as president of Mexico between 1940 and 1946. His administration heralded the start of the industrial era in Mexico.
18. Miguel Alemán Valdés was the President of Mexico from 1946-1952. This was the first political generation that had not participated in the Revolution.
19. In 1962 a student demonstration ended in death in Tlaetoloco, Mexico City. In 1968 the army opened fire on demonstrators protesting the Olympics.
20. Vincente Fox won the 2000 election. This was the first election the opposition had won since the Revolution.

Part 1

1. In his novel The Underdogs, Azura portrays the Revolution as leading to more corruption in the country. Demetrio symbolizes Mexico, where people do not respect revolutionaries due to the fact that most of them have become thieves and abusers. During the early stages of the Revolution, there is hope of overcoming the Federales. The community was behind revolutionaries since they are seen to be fighting for the people. After noticing their ‘gifts’ from the wealthy, revolutionaries steal more from the wealthy houses, and they believe it to be reparations for their suffering. As time goes by, people become completely hopeless. Demetrio dies, symbolizing the failure of the Revolution.
2. According to Paz, the massacre was caused by a breakdown in communication between the two parties. The revolutionary leaders and the protestors. Both of the same were advocating for the same policies, such as equality, justice, etc.
3. There are a number of factors which my professor thinks that individually or combined may cause a coup. These factors include the recession of the economy, radicalization, and protests, regional diffusion, partisan support for the executive, and normative support for democracy.

Part 2

2000 Elections

Candidates: Vicente Fox Quesada, Gilberto Rincón Gallardo, Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano, Francisco Labastida Ochoa, and Manuel Camacho Solís

Political parties: 

• Porfirio Muñoz Ledo – Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
• Gilberto Rincón Gallardo – Social Democracy
• Vicente Fox Quesada – National Action Party(Representing Alliance for Change)
• Francisco Labastida Ochoa – Institutional Revolutionary Party
• Manuel Camacho Solís – Party of the Democratic Center
• Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano–Party of the Democratic Revolution(Representing Alliance for Mexico)

Election 2000 Winner: Vicente Fox Quesada          Number of votes: 15,989,636 votes

2006 Elections

Candidates: Felipe Calderón, Roberto Madrazo, Patricia Mercado, Roberto Campa Cifrián, Andrés Manuel López Obrador,

Political parties:

• Felipe Calderón – National Action Party
• Roberto Campa Cifrián– New Alliance Party
• Roberto Madrazo– Institutional Revolutionary Party
• Patricia Mercado– Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party
• Andrés Manuel López Obrador– Party of the Democratic Revolution

Election 2006 Winner: Felipe Calderón        Number of votes: 15,000,284 votes

• Elections

Candidates: Enrique Peña Nieto, Gabriel Quadri de la Torre, Josefina Vázquez Mota, and Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Political party:

• Enrique Peña Nieto–Institutional Revolutionary Party
• Gabriel Quadri de la Torre–New Alliance Party
• Josefina Vázquez Mota–National Action Party
• Andrés Manuel López Obrador– Party of the Democratic Revolution

Election 2012 Winner:  Enrique Peña Nieto  Number of votes: 19,158, 592 votes

2018 elections

Candidates: Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Jaime Rodríguez Calderón, José Antonio Meade, Ricardo Anaya, and Margarita Zavala

Political party:

• Andrés Manuel López Obrador – MORENA coalition of Social Encounter Party (PES) and the leftist Labor Party (PT).
• Jaime Rodríguez Calderón – Independent
• José Antonio Meade – PRI, the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM), and the New Alliance (PANAL)
• Ricardo Anaya – a coalition of the conservative PAN, the PRD, and the leftist Citizens’ Movement (MC).

Election 2018 Winner: Andrés Manuel López Obrador     Number of votes: 30,113,483 votes

MORENA’s coalition won majorities in the Senate (69 of 128 seats) and the Chamber (307 of 500 seats).