Pakistan is considered as a populous country in the world; the factors which are responsible for these issues revolve around poverty, terrorism and illiteracy. The government of Pakistan is trying hard to take all the necessary steps to reduce the growing number population. Still, these efforts are not successful due to weak policy structures and less researched plans with the low quality of piloting along with a flimsy mechanism of monitoring and evaluation system. The qualitative research which aims to tests the impact of the growing number of population and its implications and challenges faced by Pakistan. A large body of literature shows that previous researches are tried to find out the relationship between population growth and economic development in relation to inadequate policy frameworks. The uniqueness of this study is to carry out an effort to identify some other related factors which will get affected from an increase in population; such considerations are economic, political and social grounds, embedded in poverty, terrorism and illiteracy. This study is qualitative; therefore, the data will be collected from local government and international organizations. Such organizations are as Economic survey of Pakistan, Social and demographic survey of Pakistan, various reports and statistics of Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan census organization and US online census. The findings of this research is giving a new dimension to the researchers to not only find the impact of the growing number of population on the economic grounds but also explore those effects on the political and social growth which fosters the citizenship and the well-being of the people of Pakistan. The particular focus is on the illiteracy, terrorism and unemployment. This research help ministers, politicians, policymakers and government officials to examine the past failure causes this paper covers a large number of well-researched studies. This approach ultimately helps them to make firm plans, better frameworks and concrete strategies which eventually improve the level of population growth of Pakistan and also curb many reasons which hinder the economic, social and political growth of Pakistan. This research is different as it caters the most under-researched aspects of the growing number of population in terms of the reasons mentioned above.

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Introduction

The present population of the world is almost 7.7 billion, and the number is still growing up, Pakistan had about 100 million, but now it can be 300 million by 2050, which can be a threat for Pakistan. Fertility rates are continuously increasing in Pakistan, which brings Pakistan in line of those countries which have higher fertility rates. Nevertheless, the broader construct of Pakistan’s population has relied upon children and young people (Ali, 2017).

On the contrary, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and India was lying under 1.14%, and due to the highest growing population rate, Pakistan stands 6^th on the overall world rating which was reported by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics in the provisional results of 2017 census. Pakistan holds 0.6% area of the total world population and ranked 34^th in the overall world population. A single-family has 3.1 children in Pakistan, which brings Pakistan on 34^th number and the population growth rate of Pakistan is 1.90%. These facts and figures are quite alarming for the government as curb the level of the population becomes an utter challenge for the government of Pakistan, which integrates all the domains of development such as poverty and unemployment (Shehzad et al. 2015). It could be more increasing, which makes Pakistan becoming the third-largest country in terms of the population if the population started growing with the same unchanged rate of 1.90%. However, the area of the land will be the same or become more saturated due to the commercialization of property in both the public and private sectors (Hafeez,2018).

Some key factors which affect the population rate of Pakistan are the increasing ratio of refugees and immigrants which hampers the whole economic development of Pakistan as they are conquering the labor market on a large scale which also promotes the black market. (Hassan et al. 2016). Black economy or black market curtail sales tax and other things that temper Pakistan’s governments’ productivity in multiple development arenas (Hafeez,2018). After this issue is religion manipulation which motivates parents to bring more children in the world as they believe Allah will be responsible for their upbringing. Another factor is the will of a son, make parents more willing for the children and birth control becomes a taboo. This thinking drags Pakistan into poverty and illiteracy deprivation as it is almost impossible for the government to educate the rising population of the world. Some of the more significant and cross-cutting factors are lack of education and women empowerment, and people are not teaching their children as the whole family is running after food and other necessities. Out of school children (OOSC) issue is raising due to child labour. The dilemma is the large number of OOSC caters girls which creates a big literacy gap in Pakistan, this literacy gap expands when these girls go into their adulthood, become mothers and raise children with utter illiteracy (Mahar et al. 2019).

Additionally, the fertility and mortality rates are increasing in Pakistan as per women children in Pakistan’s frequency is 2.62, which adds a significant contribution to Pakistan’s population. These numbers are growing because Pakistan’s women’s literacy ratio is not up to the mark; the young mother does not know how to control the rising number of children. Also, the way to look after a young baby which is already malnourished due to the immense poverty of his or her parents (Hassan et al. 2016). Another factor according to the literature is the lack of recreational activities in Pakistan as public outing places is taking over by builders who are making multiplexes and big buildings on it, this approach reduces low budget outing spaces and makes it a reason to increase the population of Pakistan (Ali, 2017).

The primary causes of the rising population underpin the political and economic issues of Pakistan as it has been estimated that at the time of independence, its total population of Pakistan was 32.5 million. However, the rising number will surely take the ratio up in the future, which could be a big thread on the sustainability of Pakistan’s future progression. There were many previous governments made strategies and policies to curtail this issue. Still, the success rate is not sufficient to control this issue which is also a significant factor in raising the population level of Pakistan. The reason behind this issue was the lack of proper monitoring and evaluation system to oversee the rising number of fertility and mortality rates. The current status is entirely depriving as the statistics shows that approximately 75 million people in Pakistan are living under the poverty line and not able to access the proper medical assistance, 88 million people are not accessing to the drinkable water, and 118 million Pakistani’s are nor having sufficient sanitation services (Hafeez, 2018)

Pakistan is facing crucial economic, political and other related developmental challenges that hamper the overall progress and productivity, and it is in the developing phase which is not progressing due to the rising level of population in Pakistan (Hassan et al. 2016). These factors are responsible for the growing rate of inflation, which turns into more poverty and drag Pakistan into the most deprived underdeveloped countries of the world.

Significance of the study

The study is crucial and a need of an hour, the prime purpose of this research was to examine the impact of the growing number of population on the economic and political developmental grounds, with the particular focus on terrorism, poverty, and illiteracy. The results and findings of this research helped to build an in-depth understanding of those factors that effects the growing number of population of Pakistan along with some productive recommendations to curtail the intensity of this emerging issues which hampers the whole development system of Pakistan. This study potentially helped policymakers and government officials to get more reliable, in-depth insights into those factors which have a substantial impact on the overall growth of Pakistan’s development. Moreover, the research motivated the government of Pakistan to make sound policies and firm strategies to control the population rate of Pakistan. The study has equally benefited the researchers as they can study the more relevant literature, facts and figures to examine this problem with multiple dimensions and a new lens. They can unearth more groundbreaking factors to do more intense researches on the population issues of Pakistan. Pakistan is facing the growing population dilemma since inception and invested millions of dollars but still failed to control the population rate. These initiatives include monetary incentives, free contraceptives and the promotion of family planning programs through print and digital media. These initiatives are used in other South Asian countries to get rid of terrorism, poverty, and illiteracy. However, the results are still not scaling up due to the weak policy structure.

Scope of the research

The research focused on the continuously growing population of Pakistan along with some crucial overarching factors. The first target of the study was illiteracy, like weak education lead toward a higher rate of population. People are generally not aware of the consequences of the growing proportion of the population, which broadens the poverty line and affect their quality of life. The last relating factor is early marriages, which can cause OOSC and produces illiterate mothers who are not able to raise their children in a healthy and educated manner. Furthermore, this study will also unveil the hidden challenges which are responsible for the growing number of Pakistan’s population, such as terrorism. This research will also aim to dig out the reasons of poverty, causes of fail government policies, human resources and other related social and economic factors concerning the growing number of population of Pakistan.

Problem Statement

The growing number of population growth is the primary cause of declining development which are strongly related to economic, social and political problems. The increasing rate has a substantial impact on the quality of life, which covers all classes and strata of society. Additionally, Pakistan is not scaling up its economic development due to this issue, as many governments are failed to control the educational and health crises due to the large population. The growing number is effecting both education and employment chances, specifically for young people. It also hampers the government efforts and initiatives to uplift the quality of life of Pakistan’s nation; it has observed that the per capita income also effects due to the population crisis. In a nutshell, it raises the chances of environmental degradation, terrorism, sectarian violence, corruption, poverty, unemployment, illiteracy and fatal diseases which are playing a negative character on the progression of Pakistan in different dimensions. The study aimed to unearth the impact of the rising number of population on the staggering ratio of illiteracy, poverty and terrorism and their solution to reduce the intensity of these issues.

Research Questions

How has population growth raised challenges such as terrorism, violence, poverty, and illiteracy?
What is the impact of the growing population in Pakistan on different areas such as social, political and economic grounds?

Research Objectives

The main objectives of the study are;

To probe the extent to which population growth affect poverty, illiteracy, and terrorism (Population is the independent variable and poverty, illiteracy and terrorism are dependent variables)

Contribution of the Research

To overcome these issues our research;

provided a solution to control the growing population rate of Pakistan’s population.
Conducted survey or interview to better analyze the current situation of human rights in

Pakistan about poverty, terrorism, and illiteracy.

Literature Review

This section based on the multiple issues which are affecting the growing population, the factors highlighted in this section revolve social, economic and political factors. This section also underscores the importance of sound policies and firm plans’ impact on population control. Additionally, some studies also shed light on the failures of past governments in this regard. The major part of this literature review is based on Pakistan’s researches as the survey conducted in the context of Pakistan.

Population issues Nuances and Nature

The issue is mainly grounded in two factors, firstly, the growing population hampers the per capita income, which ultimately lessens the quality of people’s life. The second factor is unemployment and illiteracy issues which cannot control in a large population (Rahman et al. 2019). Such factors can turn into significant obstacles for the proper growth of the country. The most prominent example is Pakistan as the economic, political and social issues are continuously rising despite all the massive investments on multiple programs and initiatives such as promotional campaigns and free contraceptives (Farah, 2016). However, these problems can be resolved with the proper nourishment and adequate basic living necessities such as drinkable water and sufficient health services. Some more aspects such as recreation and cultural events and festivals could curtail the intensity of the growing number of population in Pakistan.

The most significant influencing factor of the growing number of population is strongly interrelated to the rate of inflation as it changes due to the emerging and evolving dynamics of society. Demands are raining due to this factor, but the services and supplies are not fulfilling due to the rising population rate. The rapid ratio of declining living standards is based on this significant issue as the multiplying factor of the population which is also responsible for the growing fertility and mortality rate of Pakistan’s population (Kirby et al. 2017).

However, literature shows that these factors are interrelated with each other. For instance, a poor diet can lead to malnourishment which could be the reason for reduced literacy level as the brain cannot function of the body is not adequately nourished. Education deficiency is seen as the byproduct of the growing number of population and poverty. In a developing country like Pakistan, education is perceived as a luxury because the government of Pakistan is failing to provide a sufficient level of education. Therefore, this failure is related to the increasing number of population because the government is not able to educate the whole community due to the limited resources. (Alvi, 2017). Education can raise the skilled labor source, but inadequate support and lack of basic knowledge dragged Pakistan into the unskilled labor such as house help and gatekeepers, people started working without education, skills, and most importantly they start working at a tender age. The growing rate of population, not even hamper the education system, but also reduce the chances of sustainable growth as the majority population is illiterate and living under the poverty line due to the large number.

The ideal level of economic productivity based on the growing number of per capita income, however, a rising number of people can be harmful to the economic development of any country, specifically underdeveloped countries (Alvi, 2017). The factors which negatively influence the population are the lack of necessities such as unavailability of food, shelter and usable water along with deficiency of favorable climatic conditions. Such factors hamper the overall income of the country. They could be the reason to raise poverty and illiteracy along with the lack of confidence of people on the government due to the significant failures in multiple fields. Hence, developing countries in this regard mainly parted into two categories; the first category belongs to those countries which increase their skilled labor with raise in population, which ultimately uplifts the per capita income and productive for the economic stability of the country. On the other hand, those countries which have no significant change in per capita income after the massive change in the population rate could suffer from the immense economic crisis. For instance, Pakistan is standing in the second level due it its low productivity and a reducing number of per capita income (Yousafzai et al., 2016).

The following are some studies that are taken from Pakistan’s literature, to find some more underpinning factors of the growing population which affect the social, economic and political growth and development of Pakistan on both national and international grounds.

According to Ali, Ali, and Amin[1] (2013), the research explores the impact of the growing number of the population on the sustainable economic development of the country, and the study covers the time frame of 1975-2008. The study confirms that Pakistan can take the significant advantage of the ideal demographic design, which helps to boost the country’s economy on both national and international grounds. The method was ARDL to unearth the strong ties among economic development and the rising number of population of Pakistan; the tested model shows that the growing number of population can be productive if the people are literate and skilled which eventually improve the productivity of the country. However, in a country like Pakistan, it is an utter challenge for the government to manage the unskilled workforce which can lead to intense poverty and somehow it is responsible for the growing rate of terrorism. This problem is to create a challenging situation for the government officials and the policymakers as the situation is uncontrollable due to the growing and unskilled population. The findings of the research show that the growing number is partially positive for development, but it creates an unfavorable environment for productive employability. In conclusion, a large number of people can lead to limited health and educational facilities along with intense unemployment, particularly for unskilled labor. The key recommendation for the government is to use both skilled and unskilled labor as a policy tool to get the optimum level of development and growth of Pakistan

According to Qureshi (2008),[2] The purpose of the study to find out the suitable policy to curb the population issues concerning increase the sustainable growth and development of the country. The secondary objective is to challenge the current policy framework to provide an alternative solution through a sound policy structure which helps to improve the progression level of Pakistan about the growing number of population. The method was used in this research is based on human development (HD) and public expenditure through the System Dynamics method. The findings of the study reveal that HD indicators are not responsible for the proper growth and development of the country, it also unveils many facts such as poverty is interrelated with the successful event in a negative manner. On the flip side, better health and educational services positively help the economy, even with the saturated level of per capita income. The research recommends that HD and demographic development of Pakistan can be the reason for sustainable growth and development.

A study was conducted by Symonds, (2006), [3]as identified as the leading causes of population explosion in rural areas of Pakistan. The same Pakistani name has recognized, several economic, religious, governmental, psychological and infrastructure-related issues that negatively hampered the productivity level of the development and growth of Pakistan. The study reveals that poverty is the main factor of the unsatisfactory progress of the underdeveloped countries as the government is not providing sufficient health and educational services. Other issues are religious beliefs and willingness of a male child to bring more children as parents think that it is some kind of a beneficial thing to praise their god. Additionally, the population crisis may be the reason for poor infrastructure and multiple psychological issues among people as they are not getting the ultimate level of satisfaction in terms of economic and social needs.

Daud et al conducted a research study., (2017), [4]to identify the relationship between population growth and the growth of economic output. The results of the study conclude that economic growth is slow in countries that have high population growth rates. The findings of the research further revealed that the population would be problematic as more people on earth started consuming resources. Therefore this has reduced the overall support of the country.

According to Shahbaz, Ahmad and Chaudhary (2008), [5]Population growth has affected economic inequality, size of country workforce and age structure of a country Name has investigated the relationship between economic development and population growth

of India. The findings of the study conclude that population growth is good but to some extent, whereas a large population can cause pressure on resources within the economy. In simple words, significant population growth harms the development of a country. A study conducted by name gives an opposite approach which is relevant to the preaching of Islam. According to the title, when the population of Pakistan was 85.09 million in 1981, the country was least developed. However, when the population grew to 173.5 million in 2010, the country was developed

According to a report of the United Nations development program (UNDP, 2018) [6]due to an increase in population people in Pakistan are living a painful life. According to the report, more than 60.3% of the people are living on less than 2$ a day. These statistics are lower than the neighboring countries of Pakistan. According to a different name, the government officials are claiming a rise in GNP but the fruits of increase in GNP are going to the pockets of the rich A general view regarding population is that an increase in population brings many challenges. These challenges are mainly related to social, economic and political. An increase in the number of people has significant severe effects on a different aspect of human lives in the current economy, such as social structures and social values markets performances, education, the environment, and unemployment.

According to Alam, Ahmed and Butt (2003[7]), their research is based on the exploration of the linkage between the low-levels of socio-economic and the fertility rate of Pakistan. The framework of cointegrated Granger-casual was used to dig out fertility, and its relationship with its related constructs and quantitative method was used to see the productivity of the framework in this regard. The findings reveal that the rise and fall of the fertility rate are depending on the socio-economic condition of the country and the expensive contraceptives hamper birth control. The most depriving factor is the cultural impact on the fertility ratio as the birth control procedure seems a taboo and perceived sin in the eyes of both literate and illiterate people.

Mushtaq (2006) [8]Amylases the relationship between per capita income and growth rate of the population, which covers the period of 1960- 2001, and the method was used the cointegration analysis. The findings show that poverty is the staring of per capita income and the population also directly depends on this factor.

Ahmed and Ahmed (2016) [9]researched to explore the effects of the vastly growing number of population on economic growth, the study was carried out in Pakistan’s context. As several studies indicated that the increasing number of society is the primary reason for the world’s economic crisis which has a substantial impact on the development and economic growth of the country. The time-series study covers the period from 1981 to 2010, and the quantitative method was used to see the impact of the research design. In this research, independent variables are education expenditure, employment rate, investment, fertility rate, and population, and economic growth is taken as the dependent variable. The findings of the study reveal that the growing number of people has adverse effects on the growth and development of the economic progress of the country, it creates several obstacles such as educational crisis and jobless population of the country. The research also confirms that promotional campaigns for the birth control ratio are highly useful to curb the growing number of population of the country. Furthermore, the government of Pakistan should take some concrete steps to control the overpopulation issue, which could be a sign of relief for both the general public and government.

The above literature has identified multiple problems and hurdles which hinder the economic, social and political growth of Pakistan in multiple dimensions. Nonetheless, poverty concerning poor health and education services are the leading causes of unstable economic growth. This study will explore the origins of population crises in Pakistan which are directly or indirectly related to the sustainable political, economic and social growth of Pakistan.

Literature Gap

From the analysis of the literature review, we found that population growth has a substantial impact on the development of a country’s overall growth and development, notably contributed to the rise of poverty, illiteracy, and terrorism. The whole world is encountering this issue. Still, developing countries are more affected by the harms of the growing number of the population as it increases poverty, which turns into the higher rates of inflation. Rich is getting richer and poor people are continuously losing the quality of life on both social and economic grounds. In many under-developed countries, the government has made several strategies, policies and plans to control the population but failed to implement the policies efficiently, which will raise many challenges. It also burdened Pakistan’s economy as millions of dollars are invested bit the results are still not positively significant.

Moreover, the upcoming paper titled “The impact of population growth on economic development in Pakistan “. Provides future opportunities for several potential researchers to explore this issue with multiple dimensions with a different lens and this lens allow them to find more concrete plans and firm strategies which could curtail the growing ratio of population of Pakistan and the insights of this study will help policymakers and government officials to explore these issues in a detailed manner to identify the reasons of past failures and make firm policies and strategies to control the growing number of population. For the students, the in-depth literature review opens many doors of knowledge which help them to amylase the exact situation of Pakistan’s growth about the rising population.

Methodology

Rationale proposed for Qualitative Research Paradigm

Since the study intends to develop deeper insights into the main causes of the growing population about the social, economic and political growth of Pakistan. A qualitative research methodology will be more appropriate to get the minute facts in terms of their past, present and plans, policies and strategies about the growing population in Pakistan’s context. Following Creswell (2013), a qualitative research method which will be carried out to explore complex issues related to the declining rate of Pakistan’s economy on both national and international grounds. This research method allows the researcher to clarify the selected research problem by evaluating policies and literature through a detailed review. Therefore, the qualitative research method will be used for this rigorous research. The source of data used in this research will be collected from various reports which include; economic survey of Pakistan, Social and demographic survey of Pakistan, various reports and statistics of Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan census organization and US online census. Therefore, this research paper will be qualitative. Secondary data will be collected through censuses reports, government departments and over the internet and previous researches which are cited and refereed at the end of this paper

Instrument development selection

The selection of an appropriate research instrument is essential for conducting quality research. In this research, the document analysis technique will be used to analyze the fact related to population growth in Pakistan. This approach will need a thorough review of the aforementioned documents which help a researcher to unearth many hidden facts along with the comparison of time series data. Additionally, this past researcher also helpful to find out the prime causes of the failures which help a researcher to build firm knowledge in this regard.

Type of study

Qualitative research will be conducted. Primarily, there are various forms of qualitative research which include; phenomenology research, ethnographic research and grounded theory research. A phenomenological study attempts to set aside biases and preconceived assumptions about human experiences, feelings, and responses to a particular situation. The type of this study will be phenomenological in which experience, feelings and response of population growth will be analyzed. The reason to select this method is to explore this issue with multiple dimensions such as the impact of population on the social grounds which are related to the well-being of the people; then it unearths the political issues which effects the growing rates of population and vice versa. In the end, it will explore the economic gains and losses of the rising population with a special focus on the health and education sector.

Results and Analysis

The purpose of the research study will be to determine the challenges and problems faced by Pakistan due to the population growth rate and its consequences on terrorism, poverty, and illiteracy. The results gathered from observational and survey collection techniques and analyzed and interpreted. Document analysis was done, which covers all the provinces’ data, as well as semi-structured interviews of high officials. The interviews were recorded in recording devices and then transcribed the whole data. After the transcription, the data were divided into 890 codes, then merged those codes with three themes, terrorism, poverty and illiteracy. After the alignment of the data, it was written with the relevant data from the documents and verbatim of those officials. After the discussion on these three themes, the following results were found.

The results of this research reveal that in urban slums and rural areas of Pakistan are more populated, both interior Sind and Punjab were included., the core reason for the increasing number of population is illiteracy. People are less-aware about the contraceptive process, despite government efforts. The emerging threat or a traditional thread is the willingness of the male child, which brings more children to the world. Consequently, more children increase the level of poverty, which is interlinked with illiteracy as government schools are not providing a sufficient level of education. Then it comes to terrorism, as immense hunger dragged the people to fill the fuel of their children’s stomach, and most of them opt unfair means of earning money.

Time Horizon

This research will be carried out for an academic purpose, and the total time duration to complete the study will be four months. However, it can be starched due to some unseen factors such as unpredictable climate conditions and other factors such as security threads.

Unit of Analysis

In this study, the unit of analysis is the population of Pakistan. The data of the population of all the four provinces of Pakistan will be analyzed and studied in a detailed manner. The unit of analysis includes the population of all four provinces, which brings more authenticity in findings and interpretations.

Recommendations and Conclusions

The grim picture of Pakistan’s population is responsible for many depriving factors, which were highlighted in this research; such factors are terrorism, poverty, and illiteracy. The facts and figures of this study revealed that illiteracy is the key construct of the rapidly increasing number of population as people are not educated to understand the sensitivity of this crucial issue. The result is a large population lead toward poor health and education system, which increased the number of illiterate people in the country. The government of Pakistan, along with national and international NGOs, are working to build more schools and establish health centers for specifically underprivileged people. The army is also taking action for terrorism, but the results are still not satisfactory as terrorism is grounded in extreme poverty and illiteracy. Pakistan’s increasing population is a big question on international programs and the government initiates as a large amount of money is invested but there is no positivity. The recommendations to curtail this issue to educate people about the drastic consequences of the upsurge level of population, women education is also a missing factor as the lack of education in girls and women impact on the effective child-rearing process. A woman should be aware of her health and her child’s health, which could save many lives and also reduce the number of unwanted children. To conclude this paper, I would lie to share my observation on this issue, and I found out that if we only focus on education, we will find all the answers to the problems as mentioned earlier.

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[1]Ali, S., Ali, A. and Amin, A. (2013) ‘The impact of population growth on economic

development in Pakistan’, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. doi:

10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.18.4.12404.

[2] Qureshi, M. A. (2008) ‘Challenging trickle-down approach: Modelling and simulation of public expenditure and human development – The case of Pakistan’, International Journal of Social Economics. doi: 10.1108/03068290810854547.

[3] Symonds, R. (2006) ‘Economic Survey of Pakistan.’ Pacific Affairs. doi: 10.2307/2753774.

UNDP (2018) Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Updat

[4] Daud, M. K. et al. (2017) ‘Drinking Water Quality Status and Contamination in Pakistan’,

BioMed Research International. doi: 10.1155/2017/7908183

[5] Shahbaz, M., Ahmad, K. and Chaudhary, A. R. (2008) ‘Economic growth and its determinants in Pakistan’, in Pakistan Development Review.

[6] UNDP (2018) Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update. Briefing note for countries on the 2018 Statistical Update. Sao Tome and Principe., United Nations Development Programme

[7] Alam, Shaista & Ahmed, Mohsin H. & Butt, Muhammad S., 2003. “The dynamics of fertility, family planning and female education in Pakistan,” Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 447-463, June.

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[9]

Population explosion – The Impact of Large Population on Terrorism, Poverty and Illiteracy Research Paper

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Abstract