Stimulus-response theory
Stimuli response theory is a model used in psychology to understand classical conditioning in which a stimulus becomes a paired response in the mind of an individual(Acharya, Blackwell & Sen, 2018). Ivan Pavlov developed the theory with the intention of understanding how principles of classical consitioning could be applied to control the dear of a white rat into “Little Albert”(Arndt & de Wit,2017). this theory arises from an experiemnt conducted in 1901 by Ivan Pavlov. The expetreiemnt whowed that by pairing a stimuli which was a bell with an unconditional stimuli(Food), the dog would salivate whenever the bell was rung even if there was no food for the dog. The theory therefore establishes that learning happens through doing. The theroy can be applied in various aspects of health care such as ; management of weight, positive body image, managing addiction, stress management as well as treatment of anxiety or depression. The theory works by encouraging positive stimuli for things that are benefiacial and which an individual enjoys doing. Negative reinforcement occurs where unpleasant behavior is eliminated by using a stimuli which decreases the probability of the behavior occurring in future. The strengths of this theory is that it once the subjects acquires new behavior as a result of the stimuli, it is difficult for them to relapse to the previous habit and hence making it very effective. The weakness of the theory is that the strenghts of the stimuli determines the time of the response and its accuracy. This therefore means that if the stimuli is not strong enough, this model cannot succeed in changing behavior. Don't use plagiarised sources.Get your custom essay just from $11/page
Inoculation theory
The theory of inoculation was developed by McGuire while responding to a situaition where the objectives was to convince someone not be persuaded by another person. The theory focuses on attempts to build resistance against persuation attempts by another person (Compton & Craig, 2019). The subject is exposed to arguments ahainst their beliefs and then counter arguments against the previous arguments are made to refute the initial attempts of persuation. The model provides a method of communication which people can use to defend their beliefs and ideas. One of the two components of the theory is threat. A threat is where a where a prior warning is issues about a potential attack on a persons attitude and beliefs (Compton, Jackson & Dimmock, 2016). This therefore motivates a person to defend their beliefs. The other aspect id refutational preemption. This involves telling the subjects whta th attack on their beliefs will be about and hence enabling the individual to prepare counterarguments. The theory has been used in convincing teenagers to stop binge drinking as well as smoking(Compton et al., 2019). It has also been successfully used to discourage drink driving. The strenght of this theory is that it is practical and elicit a defensive mind set within a person and hence cementing the values and beliefs that a person has towards a particular behavior.If its a negative behavior or habit, a person therefore tries to prove that they are not the way people view them and hence challenging to them to be better. The weakness of this approach is that it become ineffective if a person does not react to the original attack (Ivanov, 2017).The technique cannot work if a person has negative beliefs on a particular subject.
Cognitive disonance theory
The cognitive dissonance theory was proposed by Leon Festinger. Leon studies a cult which beloved that the earth was going to be destroyed by floods and hence many of them sold their properties and other left their jobs to spread the message of the cult (Harmon-Jones & Mills, 2019). He therefore observed the behavior of the members after their propehcy failed. He noticed that the members who were not so much into the cult recognized that they were fooled while those who were deeply into the cult defended their beliefs and said that their faith prevented the world from being destroyed. The teory therefore suggests that human being have an inner drive to hold their behavior and attitudes in harmony and they do everything to avoid disharmony (Nakamura, Suhrcke & Zizzo, 2017). This model is used in healthcare to educate people and help them change their behavior.For example when encouraging a person to exercise and cut their weight, they face disonance between doing the exercises and becoming health or they stay comfortable and avoid the strain of the exercise and they remain unhealthy. The person therefore has to spread the alternatives and hence they are more likely to choose doing the exercises. The strength of this theory is that it provides a person with new information which increases dissonance and hence discouraging a person from doing a certain thing. The weakness of this theory is that it is difficult to change the behavior which has been enhanced over time such as smoking. This therefore limits the applicability of this theory. The other weakness is that a person might reduce the importance of their beliefs and hence the theory might not be effective (Hinojosa et al., 2017).
Boomerang effect
Boomerang effect is the unintended consequences resulting from an effort to ersiuade and hence resulting to a person adopting the opposite of what was intended (Cannon & Byrne, 2019). This theory is based on the assumption that an attempt to restrict the freedom or behavior of a person is met with anticonformity/resistance.When an individual reacts contracry to what was expected, it therefore means that the attempt to change the behavior or beliefs of that person fails. The weakness of boomerang effect is that it might result to worsening of a condition which was intended to be corrected and hence by health promotion efforts become counterproductive.
Compare and contrast the theories
The stimuli response theory and the inocaluation theory is that both theries use some “bait” to motivate the subject. The stimuli response theroy uses a stimuli which is attractive to a person to influence change of behavior and the inoculation theory also uses a stimuli in order to motivate a person to react (Ong, Frewer & Chan, 2017). The difference between the two theories is that the stimuli response theory uses a positive motivation while the inoculation theory introduces a negative aspect so that a person can react against it. The other difference between these two theories is that stimuli response theory takes a lot of time to persuade a person while the inocualtion theory requires little time.
Cognitive dissonance model and boomerang effect are very similar. In both theories people do something despite their beliefs being opposite of what they are practicing. The difference between the theories is that for cognitive dossance theory an individual reconciles the differences between what they are doing and what they believe while for boomerang effect, a person goes against what they are told is wrong irrespective of their belief in regard to the specific subject (Choi & Lee, 2016).
The cognitive dissonance theory and the innoculation theory are similar in that both theories involve an individual defending what their beliefs whether they are wrong or right. The difference between the theories is that cognitive dissonance theory seeks to persuade by reconciling the difference between the beliefs and actions while the innoculation theory works by defending the positive beliefs that a person has so has to avoid negative influence (Shimazaki et al., 2018).
Gives an example of how you have seen someone use these theories to persuade others.
I have experienced the stimuli response theory being use for patients with anxiety disorder. In this case, the doctor or the nurse identifies the things whch are capable of distrating an indiviual suffering from anxiety attacks. Once a positive stimuli is identified, whenever the patient feels anxious, they are exposed to the stimuli which helps in reducing the anxiety and hence helping the patient to calm down and go back to normal.
I have seen the application of innoculation theory in advertisements. For example apple advertises to its existing customers that iPhone is still the best phone in the market in order to prevent them from shifting to purchase other alternatives such as Samsung Galaxy or Huawei (GUO, 2017).
An example where I have witnessed cognitive dissonance theory is where people buy cars that are not fuel efficient and which pollute the environment despite the individuals believeing that they are enviromental conservatists and champions (Bush et al., 2018). The person therefore has to resolve the dissonance by discarding the vehicle so that it is consistent with their beliefs. Many people opt to justify their dosance and prove that the information that the car is a polutant is not true despite deep inside knowing that the car causes a lot of pollution.
I have also wetnessed Boomeranf effect in the various campaigns targeted towards sensitizing people on the dangers of being oveweight or obese. These campaigns have been running in televisions as well as community health promotion programs but some people who were not overweight do not adhere to the recommendations and hence they also end up becoming overweight. This is because they see oveweight as the norm and hence they do not take the recommendation seriously.
How will you use the theories in the future to persuade others? Be specific.
I can use the stimuli response theory in future to persuade people to stop smoking habit. This will work by finding an appropriate positive stimuli which can be used to distract a person whenever they feel like smoking. With time, the smoker can change the habit and hence whenever they feel like smoking, they can perform the stimuli which eventually becomes new habit.
As a business owner , I can apply the innoculation theory. If for example I own an online pharmacy, I can try to convince customers that buying prescrption medication online from my store is better than visiting the pharmacy physically or buying from a competitor. This can help to increase or maintain market share.
The cognitive dissonance theory can be used to help students stop abuse of alcohol. Most students abuse alcohol despite believing that alcohol consumption is bad for their health and their academic life. Therefore, the students can be convinced to follow the adhere to their beliefs and hence resolve the dissonance.
The boomerang effect can be applied at this period when the world is facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite many calls of people to keep social distance and to adhere to all recommendation to adhere the disease, many people have ignored the pleas until a person that they know has been contracted the virus. This effect can therefore been used to carry out public sensitization.Stimulus response theory
Stimuli response theroy is a model used in psychology to understand classical conditioning in which a stimuli becomes a paired reposne in the mind of an individual(Acharya, Blackwell & Sen, 2018). The theory was developed by Ivan Pavlov with the intension of understanding how pinciples of classical consitioning could be applied to control the dear of a white rat into “Little Albert”(Arndt & de Wit,2017). this theory arises from an experiemnt conducted in 1901 by Ivan Pavlov. The expetreiemnt whowed that by pairing a stimuli which was a bell with an unconditional stimuli(Food), the dog would salivate whenever the bell was rung even if there was no food for the dog. The theory therefore establishes that learning happens through doing. The theroy can be applied in various aspects of health care such as ; management of weight, positive body image, managing addiction, stress management as well as treatment of anxiety or depression. The theory works by encouraging positive stimuli for things that are benefiacial and which an individual enjoys doing. Negative reinforcement occurs where unpleasant behavior is eliminated by using a stimuli which decreases the probability of the behavior occurring in future. The strengths of this theory is that it once the subjects acquires new behavior as a result of the stimuli, it is difficult for them to relapse to the previous habit and hence making it very effective. The weakness of the theory is that the strenghts of the stimuli determines the time of the response and its accuracy. This therefore means that if the stimuli is not strong enough, this model cannot succeed in changing behavior.
Inoculation theory
The theory of inoculation was developed by McGuire while responding to a situaition where the objectives was to convince someone not be persuaded by another person. The theory focuses on attempts to build resistance against persuation attempts by another person (Compton & Craig, 2019). The subject is exposed to arguments ahainst their beliefs and then counter arguments against the previous arguments are made to refute the initial attempts of persuation. The model provides a method of communication which people can use to defend their beliefs and ideas. One of the two components of the theory is threat. A threat is where a where a prior warning is issues about a potential attack on a persons attitude and beliefs (Compton, Jackson & Dimmock, 2016). This therefore motivates a person to defend their beliefs. The other aspect id refutational preemption. This involves telling the subjects whta th attack on their beliefs will be about and hence enabling the individual to prepare counterarguments. The theory has been used in convincing teenagers to stop binge drinking as well as smoking(Compton et al., 2019). It has also been successfully used to discourage drink driving. The strenght of this theory is that it is practical and elicit a defensive mind set within a person and hence cementing the values and beliefs that a person has towards a particular behavior.If its a negative behavior or habit, a person therefore tries to prove that they are not the way people view them and hence challenging to them to be better. The weakness of this approach is that it become ineffective if a person does not react to the original attack (Ivanov, 2017).The technique cannot work if a person has negative beliefs on a particular subject.
Cognitive disonance theory
The cognitive dissonance theory was proposed by Leon Festinger. Leon studies a cult which beloved that the earth was going to be destroyed by floods and hence many of them sold their properties and other left their jobs to spread the message of the cult (Harmon-Jones & Mills, 2019). He therefore observed the behavior of the members after their propehcy failed. He noticed that the members who were not so much into the cult recognized that they were fooled while those who were deeply into the cult defended their beliefs and said that their faith prevented the world from being destroyed. The teory therefore suggests that human being have an inner drive to hold their behavior and attitudes in harmony and they do everything to avoid disharmony (Nakamura, Suhrcke & Zizzo, 2017). This model is used in healthcare to educate people and help them change their behavior.For example when encouraging a person to exercise and cut their weight, they face disonance between doing the exercises and becoming health or they stay comfortable and avoid the strain of the exercise and they remain unhealthy. The person therefore has to spread the alternatives and hence they are more likely to choose doing the exercises. The strength of this theory is that it provides a person with new information which increases dissonance and hence discouraging a person from doing a certain thing. The weakness of this theory is that it is difficult to change the behavior which has been enhanced over time such as smoking. This therefore limits the applicability of this theory. The other weakness is that a person might reduce the importance of their beliefs and hence the theory might not be effective (Hinojosa et al., 2017).
Boomerang effect
Boomerang effect is the unintended consequences resulting from an effort to ersiuade and hence resulting to a person adopting the opposite of what was intended (Cannon & Byrne, 2019). This theory is based on the assumption that an attempt to restrict the freedom or behavior of a person is met with anticonformity/resistance.When an individual reacts contracry to what was expected, it therefore means that the attempt to change the behavior or beliefs of that person fails. The weakness of boomerang effect is that it might result to worsening of a condition which was intended to be corrected and hence by health promotion efforts become counterproductive.
Compare and contrast the theories
The stimuli response theory and the inocaluation theory is that both theries use some “bait” to motivate the subject. The stimuli response theroy uses a stimuli which is attractive to a person to influence change of behavior and the inoculation theory also uses a stimuli in order to motivate a person to react (Ong, Frewer & Chan, 2017). The difference between the two theories is that the stimuli response theory uses a positive motivation while the inoculation theory introduces a negative aspect so that a person can react against it. The other difference between these two theories is that stimuli response theory takes a lot of time to persuade a person while the inocualtion theory requires little time.
Cognitive dissonance model and boomerang effect are very similar. In both theories people do something despite their beliefs being opposite of what they are practicing. The difference between the theories is that for cognitive dossance theory an individual reconciles the differences between what they are doing and what they believe while for boomerang effect, a person goes against what they are told is wrong irrespective of their belief in regard to the specific subject (Choi & Lee, 2016).
The cognitive dissonance theory and the innoculation theory are similar in that both theories involve an individual defending what their beliefs whether they are wrong or right. The difference between the theories is that cognitive dissonance theory seeks to persuade by reconciling the difference between the beliefs and actions while the innoculation theory works by defending the positive beliefs that a person has so has to avoid negative influence (Shimazaki et al., 2018).
Gives an example of how you have seen someone use these theories to persuade others.
I have experienced the stimuli response theory being use for patients with anxiety disorder. In this case, the doctor or the nurse identifies the things whch are capable of distrating an indiviual suffering from anxiety attacks. Once a positive stimuli is identified, whenever the patient feels anxious, they are exposed to the stimuli which helps in reducing the anxiety and hence helping the patient to calm down and go back to normal.
I have seen the application of innoculation theory in advertisements. For example apple advertises to its existing customers that iPhone is still the best phone in the market in order to prevent them from shifting to purchase other alternatives such as Samsung Galaxy or Huawei (GUO, 2017).
An example where I have witnessed cognitive dissonance theory is where people buy cars that are not fuel efficient and which pollute the environment despite the individuals believeing that they are enviromental conservatists and champions (Bush et al., 2018). The person therefore has to resolve the dissonance by discarding the vehicle so that it is consistent with their beliefs. Many people opt to justify their dosance and prove that the information that the car is a polutant is not true despite deep inside knowing that the car causes a lot of pollution.
I have also wetnessed Boomeranf effect in the various campaigns targeted towards sensitizing people on the dangers of being oveweight or obese. These campaigns have been running in televisions as well as community health promotion programs but some people who were not overweight do not adhere to the recommendations and hence they also end up becoming overweight. This is because they see oveweight as the norm and hence they do not take the recommendation seriously.
How will you use the theories in the future to persuade others? Be specific.
I can use the stimuli response theory in future to persuade people to stop smoking habit. This will work by finding an appropriate positive stimuli which can be used to distract a person whenever they feel like smoking. With time, the smoker can change the habit and hence whenever they feel like smoking, they can perform the stimuli which eventually becomes new habit.
As a business owner , I can apply the innoculation theory. If for example I own an online pharmacy, I can try to convince customers that buying prescrption medication online from my store is better than visiting the pharmacy physically or buying from a competitor. This can help to increase or maintain market share.
The cognitive dissonance theory can be used to help students stop abuse of alcohol. Most students abuse alcohol despite believing that alcohol consumption is bad for their health and their academic life. Therefore, the students can be convinced to follow the adhere to their beliefs and hence resolve the dissonance.
The boomerang effect can be applied at this period when the world is facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite many calls of people to keep social distance and to adhere to all recommendation to adhere the disease, many people have ignored the pleas until a person that they know has been contracted the virus. This effect can therefore been used to carry out public sensitization.