Individual, Written Assignment, concept map
Concept map
The hematoma
Written explanation
In intracerebral arterial rupture, tiny, thin-walled arteries often bring blood to areas deep inside the human brain. In the case of pre-existing hypertension or high blood pressure, the tiny, thin-walled arteries rapture, which then causes a release of blood into the brain tissue (Mayfield Clinic, 2020). Hence, the area (stroke) the tiny, thin-walled arteries supplied blood is now deprived of oxygenated blood (Proctor & Byrne, 2012). When the stroke does not have sufficient oxygen, it follows that a person will experience trouble swallowing. He or she might also manifest slurred words. Blood collects inside the enclosed, rigid skull and then form hematoma, which is essentially the clotting of the blood. The hematoma, along with fluid buildup, tends to increase the degree of pressure, which has the potential to cause a shift and herniation of the brain. If the shift occurs, then numbness of the face and temporary loss of vision manifested by fixated pupil unreactive on one side occurs (Mayfield Clinic, 2020). Besides, the increased pressure in the brain leads to nausea and vomiting. The blood cells within the hematoma die, thereby releasing toxins that damage the brain cells further in the region surrounding the blood clot. At times, deep raptures can expend into the ventricles, which represent the spaces at the center of the brain containing fluid. This causes a blockage of the normal cerebrospinal circulation, commonly abbreviated as CSF, which then enlarges the ventricles. This, in turn, cause clinical manifestations such as loss of consciousness or drowsiness, lethargy, drowsiness, and confusion.
One of the key risk factors for intracerebral arterial rupture is hypertension. This condition cause elevated blood pressure, which causes the tiny, thin-walled arteries rapture or burst inside the brain. Blood pressure above the normal range, which is usually 120/80 mm Hg, is enough to cause this problematic process. Age is also a crucial risk factor. According to Karamichalakis et al. (2015), the aged are more likely to experience atrial fibrillation, which refers to rapid, irregular heart contractions. Gokcal, Pasi, Fisher, and Gurol (2018) highlight that atrial fibrillation, especially where it is uncontrolled, usually weakens the arteries (known as an aneurysm), which is then a precursor for the rapturing of these vessels. When a person is taken o the emergency room following a https://studygroom.com/nutraceuticals-chronic-disease-prevention-mechanisms/suspected intracerebral arterial rupture, he or she is subjected to several diagnostic tests.
One of the most common is a Computed Tomography scan, often known as CT scan. This is a noninvasive X-ray diagnostic approach applied to review the anatomical structures within the patient’s brain. The essence of this scan is to establish whether there is any form of bleeding in these structures (Mayfield Clinic, 2020). The physician will inject contrast in the patient’s bloodstream in an attempt to view the arteries of the brain. Therefore, with the CT scan, it is possible to determine whether the arteries have raptured. Another diagnostic tool applied is a magnetic resonance imaging scan, often abbreviated as MRI. Just like the CT scan, the MRI is a noninvasive test that applies a magnetic field along with with radiofrequency waves to gain a detailed view of the brain’ soft tissues (Mayfield Clinic, 2020). Therefore, the MRI will help in visualizing the state of the arteries and ventricles situated within the brain area. Consequently, the scan will help to establish whether the arteries have raptured if the ventricles have enlarged and if there is hematoma in the brain.
Medical treatment requires physicians to manage the patient’s blood pressure in an attempt to decrease the risk of continued bleeding while providing sufficient blood flow to the brain. If the patient has experienced excessive bleeding, the physicians will apply a controlling intracranial pressure. In this case, the medical practitioners will place an ICP monitor directly into the patient’s ventricles to measure the blood pressure (Mayfield Clinic, 2020). The physicians will then proceed to remove the CSF from the ventricles so that the normal pressure is regained. The physician may opt to place a ventricular catheter to drain the CSF fluid besides allowing room for the blood clot to expand without damaging the patient’s brain.
The goal of a surgical process is to remove the hematoma and stop the source of bleeding. One example of a surgical process is a craniotomy, which involves carving a hole in the patient’s brain to expose the brain, hence allowing for the removal of the clot. This process will only be undertaken where the hematoma s close to the brain’s surface. Another surgical process is stereotactic clot aspiration, which is not as invasive as craniotomy. This surgical process is appropriate for a patient whose hematoma is seated deep into the brain. At the heart of the procedure is the use of a stereotactic frame to guide the endoscope or needle directly into the hematoma. A hollow cannula is then passed directly into the hematoma through the hole and brain tissue. The cannula is attached to a large syringe so that the physician can withdraw the liquid part of the hematoma.
References
Gokcal, E., Pasi, M., Fisher, M., & Gurol, M. E. (2018). Atrial fibrillation for the neurologist: preventing both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 18(2), 6.
Karamichalakis, N., et al. (2015). Managing atrial fibrillation in the very elderly patient: challenges and solutions. Vascular health and risk management, 11, 555.
Mayfield Clinic (2020). Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Retrieved from https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-ich.htm
Proctor, H. W., & Byrne, P. S. (Eds.). (2012). A Handbook of Treatment. London, UK: Springer Science & Business Media.