Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter Summary
The book anatomy and physiology by McKinley, O’loughlin, and Bidle conducted an in-depth analysis of anatomy and physiology. The third chapter of the book specifically focuses on three topics, which include energy, cellular respiration, and chemical reactions. The following study will conduct an in-depth analysis of the definition of energy, various forms of and theories of energy, as revealed in the book. The study will further summarize various types of chemical classification. To elucidate how chemicals react, the study will summarize various classifications of enzymes. The study will culminate with a summary on cellular respiration, as defined in the book.
Every living thing needs energy to aid in the performance of critical functions such as the absorption of nutrients, the creation of new molecules, pumping of blood, and powering of muscles. Energy is defined in the book as the capability to do work. There are two categories of energy, which include potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy that is stored while kinetic energy is motion energy or energy in motion. The only way through which potential energy can be used to do work is by converting it to kinetic energy. One form of potential energy is chemical energy, which is the energy stored in bonds with various chemicals. The chemical energy is primarily used for the synthesis and movement of different molecules. Kinetic energy occurs in various forms, such as mechanical energy, electrical energy, radiant energy, heat, and sound energy. Mechanical energy occurs when there is an applied force on an object. Sound energy occurs when there are vibrating objects, while electric energy when particles are charged. Radioactive energy occurs as a result of radioactive waves, while heat occurs through random motion. There are two laws of energy, which include the first and the second law of thermodynamics. The first law states that energy can only be converted into various forms, but neither created nor destroyed. The second law states that when energy is transformed from one state to another, there is a state where it is converted into heat.
The second sub-chapter introduces us to chemical reactions. There are three criteria of chemical reactions, which include changes in the chemical energy, the structure of the chemical, and whether a reaction is reversible or irreversible. There are two main classifications of chemical reactions, which include oxidation-reduction reaction, where the movement is from one chemical structure to the other. The other classification is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Other classifications of chemical reactions include exergonic reactions, where the reaction occurs with more energy in the chemical bonds rather than the products. Another classification is the endergonic reaction, which occurs with less energy within the chemical bonds. Enzymes are critical in the reaction of chemicals since they accelerate the physiological activities. Enzymes are located anywhere in the body. They are classified into six main classes, which include hydrolase, isomerase, lyase, ligase, oxidoreductase, and transferase.
The third sub-chapter delves into cellular respiration with a specific focus on glucose oxidation. Glucose oxidation is referred to as a systematic breakdown of glucose to release energy. There are four stages of glucose oxidation, as cited in the chapter. These stages include glycolysis, which is a process of metabolism that occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen. The second stage primarily occurs in the mitochondria. The third stage occurs in the pathway of metabolism. The fourth and final stage is the electron transport system