Reconciliation

Reconciliation

Introduction

Reconciliation is the efforts put in place in finding a solution to a national problem that has the impact of separating communities and hindering national progress. Reconciliation seeks to establish solutions that can help citizens to work together through National Unity and achieve the goals set for achievement as a nation. Similarly, social cohesion is the desire and willingness among the people living within the same locality or a country to work together and live harmoniously. Social cohesion takes many forms in different communities, and the efforts to achieve national unity vary depending on the circumstances that had led to divisions among the people. Social cohesion is a desirable achievement that many countries and societies strive to achieve and maintain for as long as possible. Achieving the national unity to a level that sees citizens working together in increasing each other’s chances of realizing goals is the basis of finding equitable sharing of resources.

Social cohesion brings national unity and allows different communities within a country to enjoy equitable sharing of resources. For the case of South Africa, the Apartheid contributed largely to the social divisions that exist today and the sense of superiority or inferiority that is based on colour and race. The black native citizens are opposed to the prosperity of the white people who settled in the country during the colonization period, and those who came in later to run business and engage in other affairs of South Africa. Besides, the native South Africans are also opposed to the influx of other Africans from different countries in Africa because they feel that their resources are being placed under too much pressure. South Africa is among the greatest economies in Africa with development in the economic sector as it continues to lead in industrialization.

Apartheid

South Africa is known for all the wrong reasons for racial segregation and Apartheid that divided the country along racial boundaries during colonization. Apartheid was in place for such a long time that the people still feel the injustices until now. The effects of Apartheid have been, especially hard on the African natives because they can relate to the problems they went through during the period. The Apartheid era that ran most critically between 1948 and 1994 left the country deeply divided in terms of social, economic, and physical aspects. The development of townships for the blacks and other non-whites was a familiar scene, while cities grew and white Afrikaaners took control of all the essential resources. The Apartheid had oppressive laws that allocated over 90% of the South African land to the minority population of white settlers. This inequality was among the main reasons that the South African population was deeply divided along racial divides.

Apartheid was formalized, and the laws regarding restriction of movement divided the communities physically. The economic division was evident in the aspect of sharing of national resources because the Africans were solely casual labourers in mines and plantations, while the whites benefited from the profits. Furthermore, education was only given to white people, and the laws prohibited a white employer from teaching Africans how to read or write. It is crucial to consider the impacts of Apartheid and racial segregation in the shaping of social constructs in South Africa to understand how policies can be developed to facilitate national social cohesion. South Africa has implemented several strategies in an attempt to create social cohesion, such that people will stop looking at each other along the division lines that were created by the colonialist policies. In this discussion, two forms of reconciliation that were used in an attempt to bring social cohesion in South Africa. The effectiveness of either form of reconciliation can be assessed based on how much it promotes interaction of different people without considering their racial identity.

Forms of Reconciliation

South Africa has used several methods of reconciling the societies that were left almost permanently divided after the colonization era that thrived on racial segregation and further division among the African people. Sports have been one of the most exciting forms of bringing reconciliation and building social cohesion in the nation. Furthermore, legal work and parliamentary legislations have also been impactful in the efforts made by the government and non-governmental organizations to build a South African society that is interwoven and integrated uniformly. The aims of any reconciliation process are to level the injustices that happened in the past and help people to live at peace, work together, and take advantage of the opportunities presented to them by diversity. The purpose of this report is to analyze how sports and legislations have helped South Africa to make significant steps towards achieving social cohesion that is important in making positive changes in all the areas of evaluating national growth.

An effective reconciliation strategy should employ techniques that help the current generation to view issues differently from the past generations that were divided by Apartheid. The development of social cohesion should not be theorized and taught to the citizens of South Africa, but it should have practical implications that change people’s lives. Social cohesion is vital in ensuring that the nation can make policies that benefit all the citizens. Besides, social cohesion improves the productivity and the general wellbeing of the people. It is unlike when underlying issues are unresolved, and animosity reigns the country. Absence of social cohesion maintains subtle divisions among the citizens and the pressure can build up until it bursts out in forms of xenophobia and other atrocities such as attacks on foreigners by the residents. Similarly, foreign investors feel threatened and choose to quit their business venture from the country. It is impossible to achieve tangible social or economic progress in a society that lacks social cohesion because people live in fear of losses and death. South Africa has been marked with injustices that are still felt in the present day, and the local people tend to feel as if foreigners are intruders who loot their country by controlling businesses and taking away their jobs. The discussion on the methods of using Sports and enacting Legislations will be discussed with the main focus being on how practical the two approaches have been in improving social justice.

Sports as a Form of Reconciliation

South Africa has a rich heritage in sports, and the diverse societies that live in the country are brought together by their love for sports. Different races, economic classes, and various cultural beliefs are all joined in the vast arena of games because they share some interests. Furthermore, the teams are made up of players based on their performance, but not race or economic class. The most popular games in South Africa include cricket, football, and rugby. These sports cut across all communities in South Africa other popular sports include athletics, boxing, swimming, and golf. There are disparities in the number of fans and players in the teams based on the cultural preferences in some sports. For instance, soccer draws most of the spectators and players from the African population because there is a general tendency for blacks to engage in football activities. On the other hand, golfing and tennis has been dominated, in most cases by white people. Despite the differences that occur in participation, the love for sports does not rely on the divisions that existed in the past. People are not discriminated on membership qualifications or involvement in their respective sports.

Sports play a unitary role in South Africa, and that can be seen in the composition of the national teams and the number of people that turn up for events. South Africa has had significant successes in sports, including the Olympics, Commonwealth Games, World cups, and African championships. It has also been of great benefit to the South African community to host major sporting events such as 1995 Rugby World Cup, 1996 African Cup of Nations, 2003 Cricket World Cup that South Africa worked together with Zimbabwe and Kenya to host, 2007 World Twenty20 Championship, and 2010 FIFA World Cup. These significant events bring South Africans together, and they show how sports are appreciated in the country. The South African government is aware of the importance of facilitating games as a way of improving the social lives of the people and also encouraging social cohesion. Funds are allocated to building and maintenance of sports facilities such as stadiums and pitches that enable players and fans to interact. For example, there was a significant large-scale investment in the infrastructure of football stadia in connection with the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The government spent over $5 billion in preparation for the major world event and roads, airports, and trains were upgraded.

A wide variety of sports in South Africa has been a critical source of unity for different people, who otherwise, would not hold a conversation in normal circumstances. The unification of the team members from diverse backgrounds to push towards a common goal of winning draws unanimous support from the fans and sponsors who fund such activities. Sports stimulate social cohesion in various ways because the love for most games cuts across racial and economic classes. A society achieves social cohesion when policies and activities focus and emphasize the factors that knit people together. The post-apartheid government of South Africa has been concentrating on making sports a tool for bringing the people together. These efforts have been successful, but not without some significant challenges that sometimes remind people of the just-ended racial segregation.

Effectiveness of Sports in Building Social Cohesion

The discussion regarding the effectiveness of sports in enhancing social cohesion was initially a subject of consideration by international organizations such as the European Union and the United Nations. Using sports to bring South African people together has been successful in most cases, and that can be an explanation for the development of advanced sports facilities in the country. People are motivated to play together and forget the past injustices that colonization had established. The past divisions that undermined social cohesion were built in line with racial boundaries along Africans, Indians, Coloreds, and Whites. However, sports have played a significant role in bridging the gaps and enabling people from all the divides to live together and share interests. One example of a universal game in South Africa is soccer because the fan base incorporates all citizens. At least eight out of every ten South Africans know something about soccer, or they have watched a football game that included players from all races. Sports also play a critical role in accepting expatriates and international students to fit into the fabrics of the South African community. People interact freely during the games, and they might even exchange contacts, which is a positive gesture towards achieving social cohesion.

Social changes that have occurred due to the participation of different people in the same sports include acceptance of one another and a reduction of the biases that were existent before. Even in the circumstances where some sports and teams account for significantly larger proportions of individual races than others, there are general representations of everyone in the competitions. For example, soccer may appear to be dominated by Africans, but there are whites, Indians, and foreigners in the spectators and the management positions. All these factors bring a successful connection between the South African people. There is a high probability that a community that initially felt segregated by the post-apartheid government will reestablish its hope in inclusion and participation in national events. The apartheid rule used sports as a basis of segregation and placement of people in ranks according to the discriminatory principles of Apartheid. However, Nelson Mandela marked the beginning of a new era of a non-racist, multiculturalist nation that was transformed from an atrocious past. Nelson Mandela applauded the Springbok rugby team during the 1995 Rugby World Cup to spearhead his agenda of living harmoniously as one community. It is valid to say that South Africa is among the best countries in Africa in almost all the sports it participates in because the country had also established a remarkable position in global competitions.

Success or Failure of Sports in Reconciliation

The success of sports have been tremendous in bringing South Africans together, but some areas need improvements if a comprehensive social cohesion is to be achieved. Looking at the successes, sports in general, have been successful in incorporating all races in the compositions of the teams and the fan base. People interact freely during games and the rivalry between the groups is never based on race or social divisions. The sports also help in building national unity when the national teams are playing against other international teams. However, sports have not been very successful in eradicating the economic disparities that are caused by the neo-liberalist agendas, deeply set corruption, and faulty approaches to the problem of HIV/AIDS. The failure of sports to deal with these challenges has resulted from a lack of practical strategies that can keep the connections established between people in sports going after the matches are ended. There is a tendency in the sports where individuals only engage in free and open conversations about the games in the pitches, but they disintegrate immediately after the competitions. The sports have failed in establishing effective strategies that will knit the citizens together and make them united during and after the games. The other challenge that causes ineffectiveness in sports as a uniting factor is the continuation of beliefs established during Apartheid that some people are better than others in certain sports. These divisions still determine which games some people pursue in school and as careers. For instance, the Indians are generally dominant in cricket, Whites in golf, and Africans in soccer. These beliefs should be eliminated, and chances should be availed to everyone, depending on their talents and abilities.

The Basis of Sports in Reconciliation

Past relationships between the colonizers and the native people were strictly master-servant in nature, and the Africans were assigned to lower roles of serving their masters. As a result, there was established a deep division that thrived on fear of interacting freely. Sports work based on bringing all people together in a completely homogenous nature of interactions. The promotion of sporting activities was based on the assumption that getting people to interact in competitions would reduce the tension that existed between the citizens. This was true for the most part because, initially, the master-servant relationships and the apartheid rules forbid interaction between people from different races. A large number of teams and sporting activities in South Africa ensures that everyone can have a sport that they participate in, or they love. From that, it means that there is a person from a different social background and race that will be sharing the same interests. The universality of sports is the basis of using the games as a form of reconciliation in South Africa. Competitions become more interesting when people interact for the love of the game without considering the personal differences regarding colour, race, or economic backgrounds.

A Different Approach to Social Cohesion

The investments made in developing sports in South Africa are worth, and there have been tremendous improvements in the nature of interactions between the citizens. The overall approach is effective in promoting social cohesion, but there are a few things that could be done differently to achieve better results. To begin with, there should be established policies that require the abolition of any discriminative guidelines that discriminate some people from taking part in some sports. For example, Club memberships in golf sometimes require attainment of certain levels of economic status, such that most people are locked out of the competitions. It would be more effective in bringing social cohesion if restrictive requirements were abolished in sports. The other thing that can be done differently is the sponsorship funds given to teams and individual players. The organizations and the governments should ensure that funds are only offered to groups that portray national cohesion from the management to the composition of the team players. This would encourage teams to actively seek to include everyone in their composition and avoid the possibilities of having teams that are entirely made up of a certain race because they promote the development of racial stereotypes. It would also be useful to consider the importance of promoting sports across both genders because men and women contribute equally to the achievement of social cohesion.

Lessons Learned

It has been clear that sports are a critical element to bringing the people of South Africa together despite their differences. Social cohesion is an essential feature in developing a country that is free from segregations and divisions along racial and economic boundaries. South Africa can take advantage of the rich cultural heritage derived from a composition of different people in the population and make remarkable impacts in the sports while reaping from the benefits of diversity and social cohesion. National unity and cohesion could be attained in South Africa more quickly if the sports teams were to be comprised of players from all forms of backgrounds represented in the country’s population. The other significant lesson learned from the use of sports as a tool for developing social cohesion is that South Africans are willing to move on from the past injustices of Apartheid and work together as a nation with common goals.

The lessons of using sports to integrate everyone, including foreign investors, tourists, and students are applicable in dealing with the problem of xenophobia that has been pulling South Africa back into the dark days. The concept of sports, however, should not be looked at as only applicable during games that last only for a few minutes. Other underlying issues that cause animosity between the citizens, such as economic disparities brought about by inherited colonial injustices should be dealt with similarly to what is happening in sports. The remuneration of players and funding of the teams should never be based on colour or race, but on stringent procedures that reward merit and promote social cohesion. This invites a new analysis of the government’s role in promoting social cohesion through the establishment of policies and institutions that will safeguard the interests of every group of people in South Africa, from the minority to the majority.

The Use of Legislations as a Form of Reconciliation

The divisions in South Africa are still in existent despite the country being independent for over two decades now, and some speculations indicate that racial discrimination might have worsened recently. The post-apartheid governance received the mantle of leading a country that had suffered immensely under the atrocities of poverty, inequality, misunderstanding, and racism. South Africa is also affected by rivalries between ethnic groups and various cultures that do not integrate effectively add to the puzzle of finding a solution and build social cohesion. However, there have been significant steps made by the government by trying to bring the deeply divided people together as one nation. Legislations made by the South African parliament seek to offer everyone with equal opportunities for thriving. Legislative solutions are impeded by negative forces that include massive corruption in institutions and among individuals, barriers that inhibit the participation of the public, insufficient administrative justice, and incomplete sources of information to guide legislative processes.

The colonial government in South Africa established systems that divided the people along racial boundaries and those divisions resulted in variations in economic powers among the citizens. The current democratic government is charged with the responsibility of making policies that will redeem the vulnerable communities without bringing another form of segregation that maybe oppresses the more affluent communities. One of the most elaborate reports on the impact of legislation on promoting social cohesion and nation-building is the Motlanthe High Level Parliamentary Panel. The efforts put in place to build social cohesion and promote nation-building have born some results. Still, there is a need to look at the role of legislation more critically so that the lawmakers will know what areas to place more emphasis and bring various communities together. Legislations that aim at accelerating nation-building and social cohesion have been informed by public hearings, written submissions, and presentations done in roundtables.

Effectiveness of Legislations in Enhancing Social Cohesion

The South African government has succeeded in making policies that can improve social cohesion in the country, but the main challenge is in implementing the laws. The citizens are supposed to have a common perception of the country, live together without divisions, and have trust in the institutions that run the affairs of the nation. These factors are well placed in providing all South Africans with equality in socio-economic factors, political participation and civil rights, and an existence in a non-racial or sexist environment. Unfortunately, the legislations made have been unsuccessful in enhancing social cohesion. There are significant threats to the achievement of the national goals in unity because racism and poverty levels among the vulnerable communities have been on the rise. The divisions between social classes create tension and deeper divisions that are demonstrated by the emergence of xenophobia as the local citizens compete for resources with foreigners. Furthermore, marginalized communities continue to be alienated and denied socio-economic opportunities. Gender biases are predominant because women are still discriminated. The legislative policies have failed to safeguard the interest of the vulnerable communities, such that there is inequality in the application of the laws between wealthy and poor communities.

The Basis of Legislations

The legislations were supposed to guide the country towards achieving equality and universal human suffrage among all races and social classes. This would be completed by treating every citizen equally and offering equal opportunities to the citizens regardless of their status in society. The legislations were meant to incorporate the interests of every group represented in South Africa regardless of their influence in the previous apartheid rule. This would ensure an end to the historical injustices that had seen a minority of White settlers taking control of over 80% of the South African land and confining Africans into small villages to supply cheap labour for the settlers. Equality would be achieved through ensuring that every citizen was served equally by the legislations.

Corruption Impeding Legislations

There a legislations that require the government to exhibit accountability, transparency, and timely responsiveness to issues that affect democracy and overall governance. The Constitution has stipulated that the information held by the government should be availed to the public and that the systems of governance should dispense justice to the citizens. If these legislations were followed effectively from the time they were enacted, the South Africans would not feel oppressed by their government. However, cosmetic legislations are useless in the lives of most South African citizens because they do not play any role in protecting their interests. Endemic cases of corruption have choked the legislations, significant barriers to public participation that leaves important opinions out, injustices in the processes of administration, and significant limitations to the amount of information available to the public.

Corruption in South Africa is such a severe endemic that it runs through all the levels of governance. The Motlanthe Panel was successful in getting some of the submissions presented by the public regarding issues that affect them at the grass-root level. Corruption was evident in the areas of governance by ward councillors, promotion and appointment of heads of schools, response to help people befell by disasters, clearing and processing for asylum seekers, among other issues. In addition to these issues, other cases of corruption were reported in administrative functions of the police, issuance of drivers’ licenses, leadership by local traditional leaders, and the use of land reforms. Corruption has been the main reason that legislations made after the Apartheid have not had any significant benefit to the citizens.

A Different Perspective

Legislation that requires the adequate provision of information to the public according to the Access to Information Act should be emphasized to ensure that citizens access all the relevant information regarding the operations of the government. Furthermore, the institutions that are put in place to enhance public participation and offer the public with the right information should be rekindled and improved to ensure that they serve the purposes they were meant for. Some of the institutions that would be helping in dissemination of resources and information to the public are dormant and ineffective in serving the roles they should be playing in providing information to the people. A different approach in this situation is ensuring that the parliamentary interactions with the citizens are conducted and that adequate resources are made available to facilitate such activities. These changes would make sure that the interests of the people are addressed.

Social cohesion has been undermined by the division among citizens, especially when they feel neglected by the government, and they have to find justice without following the law. If the citizens are involved in the process of making policies that affect their daily lives, they will feel incorporated into the government and air their views to help legislators to propose the best solutions to the divisions that are deepening in the country. It would also be essential to adopt a new approach to the concept of social cohesion in the manner that it not only involves bringing together communities, tribes, and groups, but also it involves incorporating gender, special needs, and other minority groups. Social cohesion also covers the foreigners who get into South Africa to do business, to settle, or to study. They should be accepted and interwoven into the cultures and ways of life of South Africans. However, this can only be achieved if the local citizens can feel safe that their rights and privileges are safeguarded by the legislation put in place to control immigration. Absence of adequate law and poor, divisive politics stimulate xenophobia and divide the citizens further along different boundaries and undermine chances of achieving nation-building and social cohesion.

Legislation on Social Assistance Act

The government is responsible for taking care of the needs of individuals who are helpless in society and ensure that they are provided with necessary assistance the puts them at par with other South Africans. The Social Assistance Act (No. 13 of 2004) should be revisited and various amendments made to help bring social cohesion even among the poor. The implementation should be done in an open manner that considers genuine needs when allocating resources to help people. For instance, child support and grants should be provided to teen mothers and child-headed households at the same time to ensure equality in economic empowerment among the citizens. This can work in reducing the poverty levels that continue to divide the citizens. In addition to offering the social assistance, there should be regular updates on the figures of inflation to ensure that the amount of money given to assist the individuals is sufficient, according to the figures of inflation in the economy.

Legislation in Fighting Discrimination

All legislation and policies are guided by the Constitution to promote equality and facilitate programs that work towards the elimination of discrimination. South Africa is a unique country and the challenges facing social cohesion are entirely unique to the country. Discrimination among races is based on colour and origin of individuals. Xenophobia is caused by the tension build-up that makes the local people view foreigners as threats instead of opportunities to grow in knowledge and experiences. Gender discrimination also happens because women are denied some of the fundamental rights based on gender. Furthermore, migrants and refugees are discriminated when they are denied some fundamental rights. One of the most critical discriminatory treatment is the alienation of lesbians, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LBTQI) community. More cases of discrimination are reported among youth and children, older people, and individuals living with disabilities. There is a failure in the use of legislations to bring reconciliation in the country and stop further disintegration that is already taking new forms such as LBTQI. Social cohesion will only be attained if all the areas of discrimination are addressed.

Approaching Legislations Differently

For the individuals who identify as gay, lesbians, bisexual, or same-sex are subjected to unfathomable discrimination in society and their families, and they are often forced to live solitary lives. Social cohesion is undermined by homophobia, seclusion, and violence that the LBTQI face in day to day activities. The Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act of 2003 fails to safeguard the interests of LBTQI because it often forces couples into divorce when there arises a description change in sex. Furthermore, the Act does not offer any provisions for individuals who do not identify as either male or female. At some points, the interpretation of the Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act is made wrongly, and some individuals from the LBQTI community have been subjected to surgical processes that they did not intend to undergo. These failures of legislations to protect a minority group alienate them further, and they feel neglected. It is, therefore, unlikely that such persons will be willing to engage with other people due to the stigma that is sometimes accompanied by insults and even physical harassments. A different approach to the use of legislations to protect such a group should consider taking into account the public opinions and contributions from the group that is being addressed.

Lessons Learned from Legislation Concepts

Nation-building and social cohesion are complementary aspects that South Africa, like any other country, should work towards achieving. Lack of national cohesion leads to increased levels of poverty, political tension and instability, and a generally divided nation whose chances of succumbing to destruction and civil wars are high. In that regard, the legislation made by the South African parliament should focus on creating equal opportunities for the citizens and also reduce discrimination on whatever basis that exists today. There should be legislation that use public opinions through fair participation to inform the drafting, processing and implementation of the laws that bind people together. South Africa can achieve a non-racist society by reducing the inequalities and providing everyone with a chance to enjoy equal political and civil rights. Besides, citizens are more encouraged to live in harmony if they develop a common perception of the country, and they develop trust in the institutions running the country’s affairs. An organized integration in the human settlement between different people and equal opportunities in socio-economic rights goes a long way into fostering social cohesion. Gender equality and consideration of the rights of LBTQI community also reduces stigma and victimization; thus, ensure that society is well-knit into a fabric of the nation that identifies as one unit.

On the contrary, a country that is marked with racial segregation, racism, and repression will probably sink deeper into divisive cultures that undermine nation-building and social cohesion. Disparities in access to socio-economic rights and absence of political or civil rights for some communities increase their vulnerability and promotes divisions along with economic classes. South Africa has made remarkable steps towards achieving social cohesion over the recent years, and there are more opportunities for moving forward together in the ‘Rainbow’ nation if the right measures are put in place. The foreigners should feel safe to continue learning and investing in the country. Also, local citizens should be empowered to take up opportunities and avoid feeling vulnerable to being subdued by foreigners. Similarly, people from all the races represented in South Africa should feel entitled and protected by the government.

Conclusion

Many suggestions have been put forward to stabilize the volatile nature that is experienced in South Africa because the social divisions are the biggest threat to social cohesion. The enactment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), by the South African Parliament was supposed to investigate and shed light on the violations of human rights before 1994. The recommendations presented by the TRC were essential in formulating legislation to guide nation-building and social cohesion. To achieve the best results from the process of developing social cohesion, it is crucial to consider the views and opinions of every distinct group in the country. When an inclusive layout is developed, the citizens will have a chance to enjoy privileges and accommodate foreigners.

Sports have been successful in several ways of bringing the people of South Africa together, and that is evident due to the love for the games that the people express. There can be more improvements in using sports as a unifying tool between all races, economic classes, and communities in the country. Sports should be used to establish cordial relationships between the citizens even after the games are completed. Similarly, the legislation put in place to foster social cohesion have been developed with the best intentions in mind, but the challenges of attaining the desired results should be dealt with by incorporating the citizens in the formulation and implementation stages. A combination of effective legislations and all-inclusive sports can be used together with other reconciliation methods to make South Africa a great nation full of diversity and economic success.

Sports have relatively achieved more social cohesion that the legislations put in place to foster better development strategies in South Africa.  The differences between the two reconciliation methodologies are difficult to distinguish, but it is important to understand that continuous improvement in either of the methods adds on to the success of the achievement of social cohesion and nation-building.

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