Women and Gender Studies

Women and Gender Studies

Women and gender studies involve inter-disciplines that evaluates gender in perspectives of cultural and social construction. This field also entails the study of feminism, politics, and gender as well as queer studies and men’s studies. Gender- reviews are essential since love, sex, reproduction, and care are vital dimensions. Gender-based brutality is one of the most unavoidable, under-announced, and muted human rights violations across the world. Gender-based violations have no social, financial, or normal limits; its effects can felt by anyone who falls victim to it. UNFPA, the United Nations Fund, is trying to avert and react to social orientation-based viciousness in 135 nations or regions all over the world, among them being 43 influential nations encountering struggles or cataclysmic events (Bahun, 2016). Eliminating sex-based viscosity is a primary work zone in managing the UNFPA urge to accomplish the ICPD plan of activity. UNFPA also upholds programs of psychological help, treatment, and as assault packs to prevent casualties and rescue survivors as well as advancing the privileges of all, and to ensure that young ladies live free of brutality and free from any form of gender violation or abuse. Sexual orientation-based savagery endangers the well-being, nobility, security, and independence of its exploited individuals and survivors survivor (Phipps, 2018). Moreover, sexual orientation-based savagery has inconvenienced ramifications for the advancement of social orders and nations concerning financial profitability and intrusive results.

Women’s movements led by those of common goals in the society have practically contributed to women’s activist development, which marked the first impetus for government activity. Women’s militant conventional society influences approach through the alteration of worldwide arrangements, impacting territorial concurrences on brutality against ladies, and applying pressure at national and neighborhood levels to fit in with new standards. While MDG 3 (Advance Sexual Orientation Equity and Enable Ladies) prompted an impressive advancement in engaging young ladies and ladies, the SDG 5(achieve sex fairness and enable ladies and young ladies) will fall into a similar snare (Bahun, 2016). Sexual orientation fairness steadfast commitment of sex correspondence activists and specialists, which this way needs institutional and money related help.

Marginalized ladies, for example, those living with HIV, female sex laborers, young ladies who are dependent upon destructive practices like youngster marriage and female genital mutilation, are especially powerless against viciousness. A concentrate in Kenya found that very nearly 80 percent of sex laborers in Mombasa had encountered savagery in the earlier month. Thus, ladies living with HIV report significant levels of brutality, including constrained sanitizations and premature births on account of wellbeing specialist organizations (Phipps, 2018). Each lady and the young lady are at grave hazards at the beginning of an emergency. Sexual orientation imbalances, minimized, and rejection extend while ladies’ jobs and duties frequently heighten with repercussions for their security, wellbeing, and prosperity.

The strengthening and insurance of ladies and young ladies have been a focal piece of U.S international strategy, and social activity anticipates ladies, harmony, and security, usage of the U.S. technique to avoid and react to sexual orientation-based viciousness. All-inclusive, each sponsored by official request and arrival of the U.S. worldwide procedure to enable juvenile young ladies. The U.S. government executes its responsibilities to tending to GBV through our entire of-government approach (Phipps, 2018). Notwithstanding these strategies, PRM works intently over the U.S. government just as with our worldwide association and non-legislative association accomplices to lead and take an interest in necessary activities concentrated on improving responsibility, coordination, and development in the philanthropic network.

All the UNFPA nation workplaces have a lot of pamphlets that present the outcomes to evaluate their degree of commitment to sexual orientation-based savagery avoidance and reaction. The leaflets feature crafted by UNFPA through four methods of involvement. The modes incorporate Advocacy and strategy; create laws, plans, and designs, and advance requirement. Likewise, limit improvement, reinforce boundaries of government, and ordinary society accomplices in counteractive action and reaction (Bahun, 2016). Administration conveyance bolsters nations to give quality sexual and conceptive wellbeing of administrations for exploited people and overcomers of sex-based savagery.

As indicated by the ongoing investigation, it is clear that sexual orientation-based viciousness has influenced numerous ladies and young ladies in the U.S., The 43 of the 135 nations and regions with UNFPA, upheld software design to address sexual orientation-based viciousness affected by contention or a catastrophic event. Of the 96 million in expenditure over all areas, the Arab States got 35 percent in 2015, mirroring a promise to scale up sexual orientation-based savagery avoidance and reaction in compassionate circumstances. The entirety of the emergency influenced nations set up with sex-based savagery specialists (Phipps, 2018). Almost all have submitted financing committed to sex-based brutality programming and coordination in compassionate crises. The UNFPA has been prevailing with regards to giving crisis anticipation and reaction in emergency influenced nations, while simultaneously, it bolsters long haul intercessions at the national level.

The UNFPA supported projects offer mental assistance, remedial treatment, and ambush packs to heartbreaking losses and survivors, and advance the benefits of everything being equivalent and youngsters to live free of violence and abuse. Sex-based violence undermines the prosperity, balance, security, and autonomy of its lamentable losses and survivors, yet it stays shrouded in a culture of quietness (Phipps, 2018). UNFPA also is one of the UN’s leads associations endeavoring to encourage sexual direction equalization and women’s fortifying and to address the physical and energetic results of sex-based mercilessness.

Conclusively, there is still more to be finished by these developments to guarantee that ladies and young ladies regarded in all networks. In people groups that are described by male strength,support of the death penaltyfrequently an immediate connect to unsafe and inflexible sexual orientation standards that affirm power over ladies and sex differing individuals rendering them progressively helpless against savagery. In this manner, the accompanying ought to be done; increment equal access to monetary resources. Put resources into neighborhood ladies’ developments, and ladies drove conventional society. Likewise, connect with men and young men in the aversion of brutality and the advancement of sex uniformity. At long last, to guarantee and uphold lawful securities and equity for overcomers of sexual orientation-based savagery.

In the past, things were very different from how they are right now. A lot of things have changed positively, and it is due to some people with strong extraordinary personalities that made this possible. Had it not been for these individuals that fought, did everything that they thought done, we don’t know how the world would have been. In most countries and communities, men had more power than women.

In some states, women were being mistreated and despised. Some women activists fought for a better today for the women. Some of the women activists who did a lot of things for the women didn’t get to enjoy the achievements of their dreams because they died before it happened. Others did. This paper will provide a comprehensive analysis of the methodology utilized from the existing literature concerning women and gender studies. This discussion will further point out limitations in the works done by the female activists that are yet to discuss below.

Margaret Sanger was a woman activist born into a family of eleven kids. Her mum has eleven childbirths and seven miscarriages. Her mother died because of the strained childbirths and the miscarriages; that is what Sanger believed. Out of that rough experience, Margaret decided that she will go to the nursing school to study and find out a solution to other women. Sanger said, “No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother” (Sanger, 2012).

She wanted to study and find a way she can help women prevent unwanted pregnancies. She also wanted to come up with a solution to reduce or prevent women from the pain that is caused by strained child baring. Sanger decided that she was going to learn how to make contraceptives (birth control pills) that are strong. She went around and educated women about the whole idea of her plans and contraceptives.

She even opened a birth control clinic, and she got arrested. She did not quit on her mission after being arrested and released. She still went on with her mission, and this time she went for a campaign. She founded the Birth Control League. In her campaign, she was advocating for promoting safe sex and effective birth control in America.

After fighting for over half a century, Sanger’s goals were achieved. Sanger’s main aim was to give the woman a chance to choose; have the power over her own body. She got somebody who they partnered with and came up with a successful birth control pill that was affordable. Also, before she died, the use of contraceptives was accepted legally in the country and became part of the constitution (Chelser, 2007). Sanger died knowing that she won.

The limitation of this work is that Sanger only focused on helping women who engaged in sexual activities. Some women are not participating in sexual activities; also, some are barren. Her being a feminist was a little one-sided; she did not entirely fight for women of all kinds with different choices in life.

This article about Sanger and her work is relevant because the topic is about women and gender, and her work is related to that. Up to date, her work has empowered women a lot, and most of them have got power over their bodies. However, there are still unwanted pregnancies and abortions.

Culture Jamming: Tobacco Stands on Momey

Name

01/12/2019

Culture Jamming: Tobacco Stands on Momey

Drug interactions with smoking

There have been Comstock laws from the 1800s and 1900s that prevent the circulation of contraceptives information in America. It resulted in few women having insights on available contraceptives creating high mortality cases in infants and large families, mainly in the minor classes. Margaret Sanger stood against the laws of Comstock l publishing Family Limitation and Women Rebel that initiated the movement on contraceptives in the United States and associated Margaret with relevant activists. The association enabled Sanger to push on with her campaign by developing a clinic for birth control in America. The clinic was opened for a little time but established a crusade for national attention and to gain support, which provided a platform for Sanger to begin the first contraceptive event in the United States and developed the first birth control pill.

The interaction between smoking and birth control increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, blood clots, and other cardiovascular side effects. Currently, the prevalence of smoking in men in a greater compress to women in America, but the gap is narrowing. The contributing factor to the issue is the challenge women face in quitting smoking, and the cessation pharmacotherapies of smoking are more effective in men than women. The danger for cardiovascular events with the use of oral contraceptive increases in women who are older and are heavy smokers. The women who use low dose oral contraceptives and smoke have a more severe danger as 3.3 per 100,000 women from the age of 15 to 35 and 29.4 per 100,000 women aged 35 to 44(Allen, Weinberger, Wetherill, Howe, & McKee, 2017). There is a great need to educate women who are at a high-risk population on the need to stop smoking to avoid dangers associated with smoking and the use of birth control.

A cigarette is a symbol of female emancipation; there have been different pictures of femininity and women in association with smoking has taken root in the 20th century. It is a reaction to the more extensive alterations in the ideology of gender roles. The tobacco industry has been committed to reducing the gaps associated with smoking creating issues with accepted social norms. They have been careful to place their advertising around the hegemonic notions of the behaviors of women (Hunt, 2004). My campaign is bound to raise the inconsideration of smoking being a problem for females with an increasing interest in smoking among women. In light of the modifications of the social meaning of smoking, the campaign to reduce the use of cigarettes by women under birth control is bound to save many lives.

If more women know the effects of smoking, most of them are likely to refrain from it changing the status quo. Oral contraceptives are attributed to in ceasing the metabolism of nicotine in the body. Increase nicotine metabolism provides clinical relevance where it leads to more intense smoking, a more significant rewarding impact from nicotine, adverse outcomes of smoking cessation, higher withdrawal symptoms, and increased cravings (Allen et al., 2017).

The intervention in cultural jamming frames the picture of the issue by associating it with cardiovascular problems related to tobacco and contraceptives. The campaign against smoking standing on mothers is directed exclusively to female smokers who are under birth control. Since approximately 11 million women use the birth control pill in America, medicine is among the common medications in the country. For a smoker, the pill poses a significant risk to the health of the user. The use of cigarettes heightens the side effects of birth control.

Advocating on cigarettes affecting the women who use birth control makes women conscious of the negative influence of the cigarette brands’ power and processes. The crucial message is that smoking underuse of any birth control elevates the danger of getting a heart attack, blood clot, and stroke. The primary focus is on the high risk of early death in the case of smoking while using birth control. Women are usually much more careful with their health, resulting in a high number of consultants on women issues. The consultants are to guide healthy life living, and before discussing birth control, the woman should first tell the doctor that she is a smoker regardless of the age. The campaign is to direct mothers on the need to consult about cigarettes and smoking without undermining the product itself. The limitation of this advertising is even though it enlightens the viewer on the implications of cigarette brands, on the women’s society, it can lead to vandalism and destruction of the product. It might further cause lawsuits due to violations of copyrights and tarnish cigarette brands. The campaign might also make cigarettes desirable and likely to attract women to use them in response to stress. It will lead to an increase in sales in the company creating a positive environment for the company.

Family planning is essential not only for human rights issues but also for empowering women, poverty diminution, and development that is sustainable. Nevertheless, in regions that are developing, due to lack of services and information and communities and partner’s support, about 214 million women still do not have active and safe family planning techniques. It intimidates their capability to construct a future that is better for their communities, their families, and themselves.

Planning of a family is a decision-making process that determines the number of children a couple wants in their lives, including the difference of ages of children, individually or together. This decision, therefore, points out that couples equally have the same right to determine future fertility rates. When planning for children in the future, partners should have access to information that is accurate to understand how and when to obtain and apply the method of preference devoid of forcing the type on them. These programs help children and mothers to get pleasure from the reimbursement of childbirth and premeditated pregnancy (Sanger, 2012). Moreover, advocates of women’s health for fertility regulation are based on their experiences as women and with other women. They set the agenda based on at least three underlying assumptions. Women have the right not only to control fertility but also to control sex (Muller, 1974). Among the many considerations are the woman’s situation (for example, her health, sexual relations, and economic status), the social conditions that influence her sexual and reproductive choices, her health, and her family (Muller, 1974). Researchers and practitioners of health and family planning use estimates of “relative risk” to guide their decisions. Policies are then developed considering those risks about pregnancy or childbirth, to determine who should receive the services and advocate for specific contraceptive methods.

Health and family planning professionals use risk assessments to identify women who may have significant medical difficulties during pregnancy or childbirth. In general, they are labeled as being in high-risk. Women under 15 and over 40, women who already have many children and newborns or women with health problems such as malaria, diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure fall under this category (Nazli et al., 2018). These assessments are designed to provide effective contraception to high-risk groups of non-pregnant women and to monitor those pregnant for specialized treatments and recommendations if needed. There is no doubt that women face different risks of pregnancy and childbirth. This information is essential for the understanding and evaluation of health professionals. However, according to these definitions, most women who die as a result of pregnancy, miscarriage or childbirth are not classified as high-risk women. Special treatment for high-risk women is, therefore, not the most effective way to reduce maternal mortality. The implementation of risk techniques in southern

Between one-quarter and one-half of maternal deaths due to unsafe abortions in countries where abortions are subject to legal restrictions, it is dangerous and impossible. However, under safe conditions, few women die from abortions that are exercised early, use of contraceptives, the use of intrauterine devices, ligation of the fallopian tubes, giving birth to children, or even engaging in sex. For example, in the United States, the risk of death from an abortion of fewer than nine weeks of pregnancy is estimated at 1 in 400,000 compared to 1 maternal mortality per 10,000 births.1 in 16,000 smokers who use pills (Allen et al., 2017), 1 in 20,000 for laparoscopic tubal ligation. 1 in 50,000 women who have died from sexual intercourse (cause of death being sexually transmitted pelvic inflammatory diseases) and 1 in 63,000 non-smokers who use pills and IUD users were 1 in 100,000 (Allen et al., 2017). The risk of death by pregnancy or childbirth depends on the woman’s socio-economic standing and admittance to the health check. In the early 1980s, in some parts of Africa, women faced almost one chance in 20 of dying due to maternal causes (abortion included) during their reproductive years, contrary to women in northern Europe risked only one chance in 1000. In particular, policies aimed at extending primary health care in rural areas to low-income groups will reduce maternal mortality compared to policies aimed at introducing high-risk women into more formal health facilities. Strategies can be useful and provide appropriate care if they encompass all women.

Many women in the high-risk category want to have children and are not suitable for contraception. A more effective strategy for providing services of family planning is meeting the needs of women who do not yearn to become pregnant but whose family planning services are inadequate. These include young single sexually active women who are trying to avoid pregnancy, women who are dissatisfied with modern contraceptives, and women who need to end an unwanted pregnancy and who need safe services.

In most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, rapid population growth, production is low on agricultural and environmental damages are joint performances. People tend to live in situations that are crowded on clustered areas, and the demand for agriculture, pastures, forests for fuels, and architectural structures is increasing, resulting in extensive and rapid deforestation and soil erosion. The main goal of family planning is to reduce births and deaths. Indeed, excessive fertility is one of the factors influencing population growth. States where the rate of delivery is higher compared to the speed of death, the population is proliferating (Stycos, 2017). The current community in Africa is experiencing this.

Family planning decreases women’s wellbeing risks and presents them with additional power over their reproductive lives. Women can manage their lives and health better and gain from employment, education, and prospects for citizens. Usually, family settings with fewer broods can enable them to go to school, and girls can attain higher education, which often delays the age of first marriage and decreases the period of childbirth. In terms of social services, government and household investments will decline if the household and population are small. This investment saves the necessary resources and contributes to the overall economic growth of the country (Frost, 2014).

Family planning, along with supplementary medical services such as pneumonia and diarrhea management, programs on nutrition, and extended programs on immunization, straightforwardly contribute to improving the wellbeing and development of children (Frost et al., 2014). It moreover ultimately promotes the welfare and development of children by improving maternal health. Children with enough space between them can eat better and healthier than children who are shortly spaced. Mothers have good health and adequate time to nurture their children. Caregivers should be capable of obtaining free medical care for their children.

The strategy to be followed during the action framework shall include: comprehensive sexuality education training on family planning to the groups identified (women and youth), encouragement of women to be agents for change in their communities as well as advocacy and lobbying in public participations for increased allocation on Planned Parenthood. In small towns and villages without advanced means of communication, many traditional forms of entertainment will be made available to convey information and messages about family planning methods. These forms include folk songs, role-plays, puppet shows, and drama. Posters will furthermore broadcast enlightening messages and shall be displayed in areas where they can maximize the impact by reaching large numbers of people such as the market.

One of the next roles is to identify all the potential communication methods available in the region and to utilize all aspects the community acknowledges in family planning programs in the future. We shall protest if the country’s legislative system fails to allocate more funds and blow whistles on the matter at hand if they do not give the subject the attention it deserves. The UNFPA is fully committed to continuing to support national efforts to protect the rights of individuals, especially women, to family planning. They strive to eliminate all unmet needs for voluntary family planning in developing countries by 2030 (UNFPA, 2019). However, this goal cannot be achieved alone. Governments, legislators, the private sector, and civil society must work together to achieve this goal. The alliance with the UNFPA Youth Coordinator and Kenya’s Family Health Options marks the beginning of the fight against women’s access to family planning. After the ICPD conference held in Nairobi this year, I wish to call on the government to fulfill their commitment to family planning services and information as well as ensure access to sexual and reproductive care and reproductive health. This move will propagate the agreement held in 1994 Cairo, on the agenda for Population and Development and drive towards achieving the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development. Today, investments in family planning are an investment in the health and wellbeing of millions of women for future generations.

References

Allen, A. M., Weinberger, A. H., Wetherill, R. R., Howe, C. L., & McKee, S. A. (2017, November 18). Oral Contraceptives and Cigarette Smoking: A Review of the Literature and Future Directions. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/21/5/592/4641741

Allen, A. M., Weinberger, A. H., Wetherill, R. R., Howe, C. L., & McKee, S. A. (2017, November 18). Oral Contraceptives and Cigarette Smoking: A Review of the Literature and Future Directions. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/21/5/592/4641741

Astrup, J. (2016). Fertility, feminism, and family planning. Midwives, 19(Autumn), 42.

Bahun, S., & Rajan, V. J. (2016). Violence and gender in the globalized world: The intimate and the estimate. Routledge.