The depletion of the ozone layer

The depletion of the ozone layer

PART II

The depletion of the ozone layer is not influenced by global warming process even though both of them are environmental challenges that have similar causes which are human activities associated with the emission of pollutants into the air which cause alterations. Global warming is influenced by the emission of excess carbon monoxide during the burning of oil, natural gas or coal to develop electricity and powering automobiles (Francioni, F., & Bakker, C., 2016). Such activities lead to the production of pollutants which are deposited on the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide provides a covering blanket effect on the earth and absorbs the excess infrared radiation hence controls the heat felt on earth.

The depletion of the ozone layer takes place when chlorofluorocarbons plus halons are introduced into the atmosphere. The ozone layer occupies the upper section of the atmosphere and is responsible for the absorption of the ultraviolet radiation which is a form of solar energy that is destructive to plants, humans, and animals. Human activities contribute to the production of chemicals that degrades the ozone molecules and reduces the layer’s capability to absorb ultra-light.

The Montreal protocol is one of the laws that ensure activities which lead to the destruction of nature is controlled and various strategies are implemented to restore the planet. Several states around the globe come to agreements to restrict usage of ozone layer depleting chemicals (Najam, A., Runnalls, D., & Halle, M., 2016). The various agreements have been formalized through Vienna convention, Montreal Protocol which led to universal ratification of destructive chemicals. Various laws have been effective in restricting emission of greenhouse gases such as the Kyoto protocol

Various strategies applied have been successful because of collective participation, the involvement of international organizations and collective responsibility. United Nations and other organizations have ensured that various projects towards environmental conservation have successfully implemented.

PART III

The human development can be measured using three traditional benchmarks which include national income, per capita income and economic welfare criteria. Considering national income, ranking of various countries according to their national income which is used to determine their increase or decrease in development considering the set period of time. This is because national income indicates the rate at which a country is economically advancing. Income per capita shows the increment in the standard of living and therefore is used as a traditional tool for determining the rate of the human development (Frieden, J. A., & Lake, D. A., 2015). Economic welfare model entails judging of values and other considerations which ensures the standards of living for the people is increased. It is used to determine the increment in average level of consumption of a person and increment in value is used to determine human development.

Considering the modern approaches, there are set uniform standards with indicators which are used in various models to determine human development. The modern concepts and classified into three which includes physical quality of life index, social accounting matrices, and human development index (Kail, R., & Cavanaugh, J., 2018).

UN and the Secretary-General have directed various summits that have led to the development of a global action plan and its adoption in various countries. There has been the launching of initiatives that operate against poverty, sickness, and hunger. The United Nations has teamed up with various governments to initiate programs that support human development. The World Bank provides various strategies and monetary funds which are used to implement various programs that support positive human development.

Reference

Francioni, F., & Bakker, C. (2016). Introduction. In The EU, the US and Global Climate Governance (pp. 37-42). Routledge.

Najam, A., Runnalls, D., & Halle, M. (2016). Environment and Globalization: Five Propositions (2010). The Globalization and Environment Reader, 94.

Frieden, J. A., & Lake, D. A. (2015). World Politics: Interests, Interactions, Institutions: Third International Student Edition. WW Norton & Company.

Kail, R. V., & Cavanaugh, J. C. (2018). Human development: A life-span view. Cengage Learning.