Literature Review:Cancer Awareness and Technology
The literature form the British Journal of Cancer used the Campaigns known as the Cancer Awareness measure to raise cancer awareness. The results from this study increased the public awareness of the critical symptoms of bowel cancer (Niksic et al. 2016). Some other cancer awareness campaigns have been raised by testing the patients in places like England. During such awareness campaigns, studies have been done to determine whether people with low cancer awareness with less access to medication have worse survival rates (Woudstra et al. 2015). With the rise in technology, digital education has become one of the ways through which patients seek medical information (Tong et al. 2017). Such digital platforms may not be the best information, but the audiovisual media has emerged to provide an alternative solution by capturing the attention of the patients. Through the digital platforms, the participants can create their personal stories and get feedback from the participants on the same digital platform guided by facilitators. Davis et al. (2017) completed a multicomponent low literacy intervention which applied the use of versatile digital disk to educate patients about colorectal cancer. Patients may learn better through group education and storytelling. In the groups, patients volunteer to talk about their experiences.
Decision Aids and Lay Health Educators
Two randomized control studies used the decisional aids such as digital video discs (DVDs), educational booklets to assist patients in gaining more knowledge about colorectal cancer. According to Kirkegaad et al. (2015), more focus is made on the group participants with low educational attainment. The groups for the decisional aids consisted of both men and women aged between 50-74 years. Two researchers moderated the groups and sessions were broken into two parts each lasting for about two hours. The first part focused on the screening perceptions, knowledge about colorectal cancer, individual attitudes, and perceived risks (Smith et al. 2014). The participants were finally asked if the decision aid changed their opinions about colorectal cancer. According to the results in this article, participants confirmed that the decision aids were well-organized and precise. Another randomized study by Hoffman et al. (2017) also reported that through the decisional aids, patients had increased knowledge about colorectal cancer. Daly, Xu and Levy used a three-dimensional colon model with polyps to offer patient-centered education of colorectal cancer (Daly et al. 2014). Don't use plagiarised sources.Get your custom essay just from $11/page
Lay Health educators (LHE) were used to increase the colorectal screening rates in a randomized study (Tong et al., 2017). In this study, the participants were again divided into two groups namely; an intervention group and the control group. The intervention group received colorectal cancer education over the three months (Arnold et al. 2015). The control group received education regarding physical activity and nutrition. The results indicated that a cultural approach to educational intervention offered by LHE increased the colorectal cancer screening. LHE approach made sure the patients understood the information they had received.
Focus Group
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has also used various focus groups to promote the Prevention for Life Screen Campaign (Cooper & Geib, 2016). The participants used by the CDC were first engaged in a question session at the beginning of the research. They were asked about what they know concerning colorectal cancer and if they could identify the risk factors. In the research by the CDC, professional moderators facilitated the semi-structured discussions and educated patients too (Hughes et al. 2015). In this research, one of the findings was that the participants lacked the awareness of alternative screenings and cancer knowledge in general. In a similar study, Cooper and Geib (2016) asserted that determining the patient’s awareness, fears, and barriers are critical to determining the willingness for screening. According to Crookes et al. (2014), education about screening is paramount to understanding colorectal cancer and its associated screenings.
Beliefs and Barriers
Education can be used to address the fears in patients for refusing colorectal screening (Cueva et al. 2016). Addressing the barriers to colorectal cancer can save lives but identifying the obstacles can be challenging. Some research works have found that the top reason for not getting screened due to the fears which come with the procedure. In another randomized study involving group studies and questionnaires were used to gauge the participant interventions. One of the significant barriers according to Dvais et al. (2017) was health literacy. In this regard, pre- and post-survey assessments were administered on the participants to assess the effectiveness of health literacy.
Printed Education
According to Weyl et al. (2015), various research trials show that printed education materials can offer multiple learning experiences. In another randomized trial, booklets were used to educate the Alaskan natives about cancer screening (Cueva et al. 2016). The books were designed to connect with the readers and to communicate factual medical information about colorectal cancer ethically (Wolf et al. 2016). The booklets were written and printed n languages which could be understood by patients and help them make informed medical choices. According to the results from this peer review, ninety-six per cent of the patients reported learning about cancer, and another overwhelming eighty-two per cent felt the book supported their learning experiences (Cueva et al. 2016).
Multiple Alternative Approaches to Education
Several researchers use various alternative methods to determine the numerous ways through which patients learn (Basch et al. 2015: Cauresma et al., 2018; Chiu, Hung, Lin, & Chen, 2016; Jo et al. 2017; Rawl et al., 2015). Basch et al. (2015) completed a randomized trial to explore alternative education interventions which led to the increase in the colorectal cancer screening between 2011 and 2013. The data obtained revealed that screening results were higher in the cases of printed and telephone education (Cauresma et al. 2018). This further suggested the importance of verbal education to the patients. Several studies have attributed the increased colorectal cancer screening to increased levels of education. Cross-sectional studies indicate that by use of multiple intervention methods to the education of the patients is greatly pegged to the increased cancer screenings.
References
Arnold, C. L., Rademker, A., Liu, D., & Davis, T. C. (2015). Changes in colorectal cancer screening knowledge, behavior, beliefs, self-efficacy and barriers among community health clinic patients after a health literacy intervention. Journal of Community Medicine Health Education, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0711.1000497
Basch, C. H., Basch, C. E., Zybert, P., & Wolf, R. L. (2016). Fear as a barrier to asymptomatic colonoscopy screening in an urban minority population with health insurance. Journal of Community Health, 41, 818-824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0159-9
Cauresma, C. F., Sy, A. U., Nguyen, T. T., Ho, R. C., Gildengorin, G. L., Tsoh, J. Y., … Stewart, S. L. (2018). Results of a lay health education intervention to increase colorectal cancer screening among Filipino Americans: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Cancer, 124 Supplement 7, 1535-1542. doi: 10.1002/cncr.31116
Chiu, H., Hung, H., Lin, H., & Chen, S. (2016). Effects of health education and telephone counseling program on patients with a positive fecal blood test result for colorectal cancer screening: a randomized control trial. PsychoOncology, 26, 1498-1504.
Chen, S. (2016). Effects of health education and telephone counseling program on patients with a positive fecal blood test result for colorectal cancer screening: A randomized control trial. PsychoOncology, 26, 1498-1504.
screening: a randomized control trial. PsychoOncology, 26, 1498-1504.
Daly, J. M., Xu, Y., & Levy, B. T. (2014). Colon polyp model use for educating about colorectal cancer screening in the Iowa Research Network. Journal of Cancer Education, 29, 401-406.
Cooper, C. P., & Geib, C. A. (2016). Opportunities to expand colorectal cancer screening participation. Journal of Women’s Health, 25, 990-995.
Crookes, D. M., Njoku, O., Rodriguez, M. C., Mendez, E. I., & Jandork, L. (2014). Promoting colorectal cancer screening through group education in community-based settings. Journal of Cancer Education, 29, 296-303.
Cueva, K., Cueva, M., Dignan, M., & Landis, K. (2016). Print material in cancer prevention: an evaluation of three booklets designed with and for Alaska’s community health workers. Journal of Caner Education, 31, 279-284.
Cueva, M., Kuhnley, R., Revels, L., Schoenberg, N. E., Lanier, A., & Dignan, M. (2016). Engaging elements of cancer-related digital stories in Alaska. Journal of Cancer Education, 31, 500-505.
Davis, S. N., Christy, S. M., Chavarria, E. A., Abdulla, R., Smith, S. K., Schmidt, A. R., … Gwede, C. K. (2017). A randomized controlled trial of a multicomponent, targeted, low literacy educational intervention compared with a nontargeted intervention to boost colorectal cancer screening with fecal immunochemical testing in community clinics. Cancer, 1390-1400.
Hoffman, A. S., Lowenstein, L. M., Kamath, G. R., Houston, A. J., Leal, V. B., Linder, S. K., … Volk, R. J. (2017). An entertainment-education colorectal cancer screening decision aid for African American patients: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer, 123(8), 1401-1408.
Hughes, A. G., Watanabe-Galloway, S., Schnell, P., & Soliman, A. S. (2015). Rural and urban differences in colorectal cancer screening barriers in Nebraska. Journal of Community Health, 40, 1065-1074.
Kirkegaad, P., Mortensen, G. L., Mortensen, S. L., Larsen, M. B., Gabel, P., & Andersen, B. (2015). Making decisions about colorectal cancer screening. a qualitative study among citizens with lower educational attainment. European Journal of Public Health, 26(1), 176-181. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv207
Niksic, M., Rachet, B., Duffy, S. W., Quaresma, M., Moller, H., & Forbes, L. J. (2016). Is cancer survival associated with cancer symptom awareness and barriers to seeking medical help in England? An ecological study. British Journal of Cancer, 115(7), 876-886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.246
Smith, S. G., Raine, R., Obichere, A., Wolf, M. S., Wardle, J., & Wagner, C. V. (2014). The effect of a supplementary (‘gist-based’) information leaflet on colorectal cancer knowledge and screening intention: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavior Medicine, 38, 261-272.
Stubbings, S., Robb, K., Walker, J., Ramirez, A., Austoker, J., Macleod, U., … Wardle, J. (2009). Development of a measurement tool to assess public awareness of cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 101 Supplement 2, S13-S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605385
Tong, E. K., Nguyen, Y. T., Lo, P., Stewart, S. L., Gildengorin, G. L., Tsoh, J. Y., … Chen, M. S. (2017). Lay health educators increase colorectal cancer screening among Hmong Americans: A cluster randomized control trial. Cancer, 123(1), 98-106. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30265
Wolf, R. L., Basch, C. E., Zybert, P., Basch, C. H., Ullman, R., Shmukler, C., … Neugut, A. L. (2016). Patient test preference for colorectal cancer screening and screening uptake in an insured urban minority population. Journal of Community Health, 41, 502-508.
Woudstra, A. J., Dekker, E., Essink-Bot, M., & Suurmond, J. (2015). Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding colorectal cancer screening among ethnic minority groups in the Netherlands: A qualitative study. Health Expectations, 1312-13.