Levels of Measurement used in each of the Articles

Levels of Measurement used in each of the Articles

For the article “Autonomous Motivation for Teaching: How Self-Determined Teaching May Lead to Self-Determined Learning,” the variables under consideration are the autonomous motivation for teaching with independent variable being complying with the curriculum and performance standards. In measuring such variables, the level of measurements of each of the variable is the ordinal level in that the measurements depict the relationship, which exists between the autonomous motivation of teachers and the compliance with the curriculum and standards (In Liu, In Wang, & In Ryan, 2016). The article extensively explores both intrinsic and the extrinsic variables that affect the manner in which the teacher interacts with the students. In this regard, it is relatively important to understand the need of the teachers as they are the central motivations that drive direction of the education and performance of a given school organization.  Notably, the autonomous motivation of the teachers is extensively related to the principals of leadership that are applied in the attempt of motivating the teachers.

For the article “Effects of Innovative Teaching Strategies on Students’ Performance,” the variables under consideration are the effects innovative teaching strategies with the dependent variable being the performance of the students. Therefore, it implies that the performance of students is dependent on the teaching strategies employed by the teachers. The level of measurement used in this article is the ordinal level measurements in that it depicts the relationship which exists between the performance of the students and the strategies of teaching employed by the teachers (JALBANI, 2015). According to the article, it is relatively important to engage teacher in ensuring that they are innovative and they can develop newer in teaching and reach out to the students.  This can transform the individual method of teaching. As a result, the efficiency and the connection of the teacher with the student are elevated exponentially.

For the article “The Teacher Behaviors Inventory: Internal Structure, Reliability, and Criterion Relations with Boredom, Enjoyment, Task Value, Self Efficacy, and Attention”,  the variables under consideration are the boredom, enjoyment, task value, self-efficacy and attention with the independent variable is the internal structure, reliability and  the criterion for the relations with dependent variables. The measurement level is Nominal level since the symbols for measurements have been used. The data belonging to the individuals belonging to different genders have been used to classify them. According to the article, it is essential to evaluate the behavior of the teachers and how it is translated to the performance of the students as this will help in creating a useful scope of teaching behaviors. Notably, the behavior of the teacher can create mixed reactions on the side of the students including boredom, enjoyment, and attention among other reactions.

For the article “Predicting boredom-coping at work,” the variables under consideration are the coping at work with the independent variable being a prediction of boredom. In this research, the level of measurement used is ratio level since the observations, and equal intervals have been used to accomplish the research.  The division between the individuals has been done on scales, which are equal between them (In Liu, In Wang, & In Ryan, 2016).  There is close interception between motivation at work and the accrued boredom that might hinder performance.  In the creation of the working structure, it is relatively important to evaluate the effect of the work structure to the morale of the workers as a central variable.

For the article “Principals’ leadership and teachers’ motivation: Self-determination theory analysis,” the variables under consideration are the principles leadership being the interdependent variable and the teacher’s motivation being dependent variables since teachers ate depicted to be motivated by the leadership of the principals. The measurement level used is the ordinal level in that the relationship, which exists between the leadership quality and the motivation, has been depicted and its impacts. Notably, the manner in which the leadership is oriented is a direct determinant of the teacher’s motivation. In this regard, the leadership should be developed regarding the impact it might have on the teachers’ abilities to perform.

Test Statistics used in the Articles

In the research, various tests have been used to conclude. In the article “Autonomous Motivation for Teaching: How Self-Determined Teaching May Lead to Self-Determined Learning,” the test used is non-parametric in that the data which have been used in reaching to a conclusion is independent variables and therefore non-parametric. The data as well does not follow a set of intervals, which can be coherently be followed up.

For the article “Effects of Innovative Teaching Strategies on Students’ Performance,” the tests used also are non-parametric. This is because the data which have been used in concluding is independent variables and therefore non-parametric. The data as well does not follow a set of intervals which can be coherently be followed up to ascertain as it has been chosen randomly (JALBANI, 2015).

For the other article “Principals’ leadership and teachers’ motivation: Self-determination theory analysis,” and “The Teacher Behaviors Inventory: Internal Structure, Reliability, and Criterion Relations with Boredom, Enjoyment, Task Value, Self Efficacy, and Attention, “the tests are also non-parametric in that the data used have been chosen randomly and do not follow the set assumptions of parametric data in coming up with a conclusion (In Liu, In Wang, & In Ryan, 2016).

For the article “Predicting boredom-coping at work,” the tests used are parametric. The data which have been used had been chosen using intervals so that it can equally depict the overall traits of the population pertaining to the coping with work with regards to the boredom which is felt by all the individual at one time during their working.

Critique of the test statistics used in the Articles

For the article “Autonomous Motivation for Teaching: How Self-Determined Teaching May Lead to Self-Determined Learning,” the test used is not reliable since the data which have been used have been picked randomly. It tends towards being biased and will only reflect a smaller part of the population. The decision-making using the information from such research will not be effective, as it does not put the entire population into consideration (In Liu, In Wang, & In Ryan, 2016).  Notably, the author of the article the mean as his major descriptive statistic in the determination of the performance of the students regarding a given environment. It was a good option as the parameter was able to match with the issues identified. This notion can be linked to the fact that teacher engagement or disengagement tends either challenging or promoting the performance of the students. The fact that the population used in the study was not evenly distributed, it eliminated the tendency of occurrence of type II, which could have further affected the outcome of the research. Evidently, the population under comparison had a significant difference.

For the article “Effects of Innovative Teaching Strategies on Students’ Performance,” the test statistics sued as well do not reflect on the entire population since it is randomly chosen. The acts of using random choices have a high tendency of being biased and will lead to a subjective conclusion rather than being objective. Therefore, the methods used are not reliable and should be changed to attain reliable results (JALBANI, 2015). However, in a review of the method used in a different angle, the researcher uses average students’ performance means an examination of the teaching method on the accrued performance of the student.  In this regard, there is no consideration of other variables a factor that could have affected the accuracy of the results.  However, there was no a significant difference between the two groups of the participants, and this prevented both the type I and the Type II errors.

For the article “Principals’ leadership and teachers’ motivation: Self-determination theory analysis,” and “The Teacher Behaviors Inventory: Internal Structure, Reliability, and Criterion Relations with Boredom, Enjoyment, Task Value, Self Efficacy, and Attention,” has also used the test statistics which is subjective as the data used are randomly picked without a predetermined pattern which is also highly biased which can represent only a small population of the entire population. This can, therefore, be less effective especially when it comes to decision making as it will only solve the problem for the few individuals. There is the possibility of type I and type II error based on the fact that the researchers failed to reject the null hypothesis. Notably, the null hypothesis was false for the research thus needed to be rejected.  However, it is impressive that the researcher increased the sample and this help in the correction of both the type 1 and the type two errors.

For the article “Predicting boredom-coping at work,” used the statistical tests which have intervals are showing that the population has been evenly presented and the information found there from the research is reflective of the entire population. Also, the choosing of the data which have been sued in the research enabling the researcher to arrive at the conclusion id objective and the decision made using such research is effective and most importantly reliable (In Liu, In Wang, & In Ryan, 2016). The type I and type II errors were avoided as there were a hypothesis and no much difference between the populations.

For the article “Principals’ leadership and teachers’ motivation: Self-determination theory analysis,” the statistical test which has been used is not scientific and do not follow a predetermined pattern to ensure that the data collected represent the entire population. In this regards, the conclusion made is reflective of a small population as the data have a high tendency of being biased. The researcher uses self-determination theory to assess the role of the teachers especially the principals. Notably, the researcher uses descriptive statistics which was effective as it matched with the problem in question. The population was evenly distributed prompting the potential of developing both type and type II errors in the determination of the outcomes.

Findings in each Article of the Research

In the article “Autonomous Motivation for Teaching: How Self-Determined Teaching May Lead to Self-Determined Learning,” the findings show that the self-determined teachers lead to the self-determined learning. This shows that with the self-motivation, teachers can be able to train themselves to be motivated and perform as expected. To improve the results, the tests which could have been used could have been scientific where a predetermined pattern of selection data is used to reflect the whole population (In Liu, In Wang, & In Ryan, 2016).

For the article “Effects of Innovative Teaching Strategies on Students’ Performance,” the findings show that the teaching strategies have various impacts regarding the student’s performance. This result shows that effective strategies will lead to an improvement in the performance of the students. Despite the results being realistic, it can be reliably improved trough ensuring that the data collected is reflective of the entire population (JALBANI, 2015).

In the article “The Teacher Behaviors Inventory: Internal Structure, Reliability, and Criterion Relations with Boredom, Enjoyment, Task Value, Self Efficacy, and Attention,” the findings show that the behaviors of the teachers have a various contribution on their boredom, enjoyment and also self-efficacy.  The results are truly reflective of most of the teachers and should be made more reliable by ensuring that the data used is evenly distributed to reflect on the entire population.

For the article “Principals’ leadership and teachers’ motivation: Self-determination theory analysis,” the teacher’s motivations have also be found out to be dependent on the principal leadership. This is a true reflection of the current situation in most of the schools. Additionally, the article “Predicting boredom-coping at work,” findings show that the coping at work predicts the boredom reflects on the entire population.