Fallacies-Math Survey Contemporary Math
Desсrіptions of Fallacies: 1. The Appeal to Popularity/Bandwagon Fallacy(appeal to popularity) uses the logic that if a lot of others are supporting something then you should too. This fallacy seems really popular with soft drink commercials. Old Navy Commercial Appeal to the People 2. The (False) Causal Fallacy assigns an incorrect, or at least unsupported, cause-and-effect relationship between two events. It can be the basis of superstitions. Critical Thinking: False Cause Fallacy Example False Cause (Logical Fallacy) 3. The Appeal to Ignorance Fallacy (argumentum ad ignorantiam) claims a win due to lack of evidence to the contrary. If you cannot prove something is true then it must be false. If you cannot prove something is false then it must be true. Appeal to Ignorance Critical Thinking: Appeal to Ignorance Fallacy Example 4. The Hasty Generalization Fallacy jumps to conclusions. It is a weak inductive argument that considers an inadequate number of observations for establishing a pattern. Leads to stereotyping. Hasty Generalization (Logical Fallacy) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v＝bzyGrL0_tkM 5. The Limited Choice /False Dilemma/False Dichotomy/ Black and White Fallacy relies upon only two options. If you are not with us then you are against us. It fails to recognize that there may be many options. The Black and White Fallacy | Idea Channel | PBS Digital Studios [unique_solution]6. The Appeal to Authority Fallacy (argumentum ad verecundiam) uses the support of not necessarily qualified authorities to support an argument. The Authority Fallacy | Idea Channel | PBS Digital Studios Ad Verecundiam (Appeal to Authority) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v＝TsBtrVrFYpI 7. The Personal Attack/ Ad Hominem Fallacy means “against a person.” The presenter of the argument, rather than the argument, is attacked in an effort to discredit their argument. A subset of the ad hominem fallacy is the Tu Quoque Fallacy, or appeal to hypocrisy, where the opponent is discredited by pointing out behaviors that seem to contradict the claims of their argument. The Ad Hominem Fallacy seems to appear frequently in politics. CRITICAL THINKING – Fallacies: Introduction to Ad Hominem Fallacies (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v＝7GzXVqwYHVE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v＝wnbK76m691I 8. The Circular Argument Fallacy (petitio principii) simply restates the premise as the conclusion. Logically, it is valid. STAR TREK Logical Thinking 3 – Petitio Principii (Circular Reasoning) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v＝hNVM-B4I83k 9. The Straw Figure Fallacy seeks to avoid the original argument by addressing a related but weaker argument that can easily be successfully debated, much as a straw figure can easily be toppled. The Strawman Fallacy | Idea Channel | PBS Digital Studios CRITICAL THINKING – Fallacies: Straw Man Fallacy 10. The Red Herring Fallacy (ignoratio elenchi) seeks to avoid the original argument through distraction by addressing a completely different argument. This fallacy shows up in debates, commercials and interviews. Red Herring (Logical Fallacy) Difference between Straw Figure and Red Herring 11. The Slippery Slope Fallacy strings together a sequence of events in a deductive argument coming to support a seemingly unrelated conclusion from the original premise. It may use extremely hypothetical claims but no proof. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v＝qQ4-ajeeFzY https://www.philosophytalk.org/blog/video-slippery-slope 12 The Appeal to Emotion Fallacy shamelessly plays on emotions, sometimes with little or no attempt at being logical. Commercials with animals or small children typically are making an appeal to emotion. Anything that starts out “If you love….” What is APPEAL TO EMOTION? Super Bowl Ad Review with Ann Bastianelli – Emotional Appeal Problem 1: Using what you have learned about the structure of a logical argument, you will identify the logical fallacy, or fallacies, used in three of the videos listed below. Stick to the list of 12 logical fallacies defined in this project. Use what you have learned about the structure of arguments to explain why you identified each fallacy, focusing on why it is a fallacy and how it might persuade the viewer. 1. 3 AM White House Ringing Phone 2. Never Stop Winning 3. Roadside Ditch 4. Maxwell 5. Blue Buffalo 6. Puppy Haters 7. Nixon Campaign Ad 8. Kennedy Campaign Ad 9. KFC 10. Doctors Recommend Camel Problem Two: Choose one of the conclusions below then, using what you know about logical fallacies, write an argument to support your chosen conclusion then answer some questions about your argument. • Sea monsters live in Aquarena Springs. • Don’t trust anyone over 30. • Dog parks in Texas should be air-conditioned. • Free coffee should be served in all classes before 10 AM. • Socks should always be worn with sandals. Grading Rubric (must be submitted with your project or no grade) Excellent Good Fair Does not meet expectations Problem 1 Directions Followed (2) First Fallacy A fallacy type(s) is clearly identified (1) Supporting argument is clearly structured (3) Incomplete supporting argument made. (2) Incorrect attempt made to give supporting argument (1) Second Fallacy A fallacy type(s) is clearly identified (1) Supporting argument is clearly structured (3) Incomplete supporting argument made. (2) Incorrect attempt made to give supporting argument (1)) Third Fallacy A fallacy type(s) is clearly identified (1) Supporting argument is clearly structured (3) Incomplete supporting argument made. (2) Supporting argument structure is attempted. (1) Problem 2 Directions Followed (1) Fallacy identified Fallacy used clearly and correctly identified. (2) Attempt made to identify fallacy. (1) Fallacy use explained Use of fallacy clearly explained including why and response expected. (3) Incomplete explanation of fallacy (2) Incorrect attempt made to explain use of fallacy (1) Fallacy Analysis 1: Video number: _____ Logical Fallacy(s) observed: Explain why you believe each logical fallacy observed was present. Why do you believe each logical fallacy was chosen? What impact do you believe this fallacy(s) had on the viewer? Fallacy Analysis 2: Video number: Logical Fallacy(s) observed: Explain why you believe each logical fallacy observed was present. Why do you believe each logical fallacy was chosen? What impact do you believe this fallacy(s) had on the viewer?
Fallacy Analysis 3: Video number: Logical Fallacy(s) observed: Explain why you believe each logical fallacy observed was present. Why do you believe each logical fallacy was chosen? What impact do you believe this fallacy(s) had on the viewer? Problem Two: Circle the conclusion you are supporting with your argument: • Sea monsters live in Aquarena Springs. • Don’t trust anyone over 30. • Dog parks in Texas should be air-conditioned. • Free coffee should be served in all classes before 10 AM. • Socks should always be worn with sandals. Your argument: 1. What fallacy (s) (From the list of 12) did you use? 2. Why does the logic in your argument meet the criteria to be the type of fallacy(s) you chose? 3. Why did you choose this logical fallacy(s)? 4. How do you think a reader will respond to the fallacy in your argument?