Sampling

Sampling

Probability

1. The incidents of false confession have steadily increased criminal justice systems leading innocent people to suffer wrongful convictions.
2. They also assert using case evidence that most of the wrongful convictions arise from witnesses who either volunteered to give false confession or forced to comply due to the pressure of investigation processes in the case.
3. Either way, witnesses are motivated by circumstances to testify against innocent people and influence the jury to pass wrong convictions.
4. In cases where false witnesses lead to the wrongful conviction of the innocent, there is an underlying weakness in the parties investigating the claims or the prosecution to establish sufficient and strong evidence.

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5. False confessions lead to more than one-quarter of wrongful convictions involving DNA (Normile, Christopher, and Scherr 498).
6. Interrogators contribute to wrongful convictions by asking the suspect provocative questions or by using ambiguous language and alternative tactics.
7. The interrogators present fabricated evidence against the suspects to make the suspects appear guilty.
8. Most innocent participants that were exposed to minimization resisted less in comparison to those naive participants exposed to false evidence.
9. Stratified Proportionate Random sample, including all ages above 22 years and all races, would ensure proportional representation of relevant groups (Normile, Christopher, and Scherr 500).
11. Not all the individuals who were interviewed had offered false witnesses.
12. Participants in the study were confronted with some psychologically coercive interrogation tactic; one cannot be satisfied with the results of suspects who are accused of wrongdoing but interrogated with nonadversarial approaches.

Non-Probability

1. The body shapes of the participants might not have an impact on the study through the participants recorded their age, gender, race, and shape of their body.
2. Stress from the cross-examination could have obstructed the ability of participants to highlight the fact that cameras would show their innocence. However, the possibility seems impossible because of innocent participants in the wrong evidence outline other concerns and suspicions about the survey (Normile, Christopher, and Scherr 501).
3. Some participants might not have comprehended the open-ended questionnaire that was used to gauge their levels of suspicion since the research does not highlight the language of participants as well as the language used in the questionnaires.
4. The research was based in Midwest universities. Other regions might not record the same results.
5. Innocent participants, who refused to confess the most, would, at one point, accept false confession when putting under more significant pressure.
6. Some innocents who were confronted with false evidence— had the highest rate of physiologic reactivity after the interrogation ended (Normile, Christopher, and Scherr 504).

7. The sample of this research would also include those persons less than eighteen years of age. It would probably raise the problem of informed consent. However, this sample might require parent or guardian approval for them to participate in the survey.

Work Cited

Normile, Christopher J., and Kyle C. Scherr. “Police tactics and guilt status uniquely influence suspects’ physiologic reactivity and resistance to confess.” Law and human behavior 42.6 (2018): 497. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000306