Social and Political Science

Social and Political Science

       The formation of a government consists of various factors and ideas that call for citizens’ participation. This paper explores multiple governments’ structures, ideologies, and philosophies.

Types of federalism.

Federalism is a mode of the political leadership system. The two main types are Cooperative federalism and Dual federalism. Dual federalism is where there is a sharing of powers between states and unions, but the central governments hold more powers, while on the other hand, Cooperative federalism is where powers are shared equally between the states and federal governments (Scarinci, 2018). Secondly, Cooperative federalism allows the states to formulate individual rules; thus, the central governments have no powers to dictate policies to states. On the contrary, in dual federalism, the central governments have powers to dictate policy to state governments. Lastly, Cooperative federalism promotes policy differences among states, while dual federalism discourages such differences. However, both types of federalism have some prevailing ideology of division of powers from central government to states and unions to facilitate developments if all states. Further, both cooperation and dual federation work towards the achievement of the democracy of the nation.

 The Antifederalists.

During policy-making, people tend to differ in opinions, hence the application of voting mechanism to arrive at the policy with majority supporters. Therefore, in this case, the Antifederalists are a coalition of people who go against the federalism idea of giving the central government more powers than that of states. Nonetheless, Antifederalist stands to fight for states to have full capabilities to formulate their policies, and thus the central governments should stick to its mandate; in other words, it should cease to dictates rules for state governments (Faber, 2015). Both federal and state governments should have equal powers. Additionally, they argue that if the central government maintains superpowers, it will engage in unlawful practices such as corruption. More so, Antifederalist believes that the central government might seize more powers to tyrannically rule and dominate the entire nation and rights of its citizens, thus the need to be stopped (Faber, 2015).

New Jersey and Virginia plans.

According to Hall (2018), both New Jersey and Virginia plans support the idea of the division of government into three arms (legislative, judicial, and executive). However, there were several differences: New Jersey advocate for the presentation of the state in the government to be according to the population size in that the regions with large population should have more representatives. On the contrary, the Virginia plan advocates for equal representation regardless of the region’s population size. The constitution rectified the Virginia plan by proposing that the members of the legislative will be elected by all states and the national legislature to elect inferior tribunal members. Subsequently, policymakers rectified New Jersey to allow the naturalization rule to be equal in all states. Additionally, they amended new jersey to include citizens in the proposal for any requisition regardless of their population size, as well as differences such as sex or race.

Brown vs. Board of Ed.

According to Orfield, Ee, Frankenberg & Siegel-Hawley (2016), previously policy allowed racial segregation in schools where non-Americans, especially Black and Latino, were admitted in separate public schools, which attracted mixed reactions as well as promoted racism. Nevertheless, the introduction, acceptance, and implementation of Brown vs. Board of Ed, enabled learners to get a quality education regardless of their race. Bearing in mind that “separate but equal” policy lead the vulnerable population to get poor education since their schools were poorly funded and managed (Orfield, Ee, Frankenberg & Siegel-Hawley 2016). Besides, Brown vs. Board of Ed policy fought against racial discrimination, which promoted friendly interaction in different schools as well as among students. On that account, it also facilitated a friendly neighbourhood across the nation.

Locke and Hobbes

People have different characters and ideas, which leads the nations to create governments to govern and direct people on how to live with one another; otherwise, people will keep fighting one another for self-interest. Locke and Hobbes are philosophers who had a significant influence on the formation of the American government.  Both believed humanity diversity and the need for government control or rule people so that they can live together.

Locke revealed three philosophies that nations should consider when formulation government. 1, humankind’s perception of freedom and equality, which means the government should observe such rights (Mehta, 2018). 2, Locke claimed that every created creature should obey its creator; however, some are disobedience; hence people should implement policies to control them. Lastly, through the social contract, people give the government mandates to oversee and protect their rights. Eventually, citizens have powers to overthrow a government if it fails to observe and stay in line with the given mandates/powers. On the other hand, Hobbes developed ideas that contradict that of Locke, such as 1. He believed humankind’s state of nature is a war lead by the selfishness of people. 2, he claimed that the solution to such a state of life is the agreement of people to be governed (Mehta, 2018). Consequently, the government should have more powers than its citizens; thus, people will have little ability to overthrow it.  Perhaps, the American government and its formation are in line with such ideas. For example, democracy respects people’s voices, which gives them powers to impeach leaders

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