COMPLEXITY EXPLOSION OF AGRICULTURE With the rise of agriculture 12000 years ago, human farmers weren’t just looting the products of nature like the foragers were, they were also manipulating them, domesticating plants and animals that were more directly geared towards human sustenance, thus harnessing a greater fraction of the Sun’s energy flows, to allow for much higher populations in a much smaller area… higher populations meant more innovators  and packed much more closely together to communicate those innovations… collective learning went into overdrive and with it human societies grew more intricate and complex… in comparison to the last 13.8 billion years the last twelve thousand years have been a blur of milestone after milestone of rising complexity THE FORAGER-AGRICULTURE TRANSITION Imagine you are a forager 12000 years ago… for the past 2000 years the ice age has slowly come to an end, the weather was growing more temperate and certain regions of the world were much more hospitable… in fertile river valleys, ecosystems had grown with plenty of trees, edible plants, fruits and animals to hunt.. your people arrived in…

 classic representations of life before agriculture or the state here are two classic representations of life before agriculture or the state… on the one hand you have Thomas Hobbes who wrote that before the state there were “no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death” and certainly with a 10% murder rate in the foraging era this possibility was very real… Hobbes goes on to say “the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” and foraging life certainly could be but also it could be quite nice depending on the circumstances… in fact some foragers would have lived happier and healthier lives than some peasants in Hobbes’ own day… the upshot of this narrative is to emphasize the potential anarchy of the foraging existence, to underline the “gift” of the state bringing in law and order and to justify varying degrees of authoritarianism… in Hobbes’ case it was to justify as best as he could the institution of monarchy… on the flip side you have a vision…

Water Conservation in Agriculture Climate change and rapid growth of the population are some of the factors which have intensified the search for efficient methods of conserving water. Water is essential to human life and it is also necessary for the growth of food used by human beings. Some parts of the world experience adverse climate changes where draught last for a long time before it rains. Therefore, there is a need to use the available water efficiently to avoid unnecessary wastage of water. Technological methods have to be employed in agricultural practices so that adequate food can be produced with a limited supply of water. This research paper will analyze previous research and policies which have been put in place to enhance water conservation in agriculture. Also, the research paper will discuss various methods used for water conservation and the advantages of water conservation in agriculture. Much proportion of the food products across the globe require water for their production. In the past, Easterling has observed that there is a major challenge to the 21st-century scientific leaders to increase…

Material Culture Human culture is revealed by the objects of the culture and ideas associated with these objects. Material cultures are defined by a range of objects such as utensils, ornaments, arts, written records, clothing, and many consumable objects used by humans. The first great revolution of material culture emerged in the early centuries during the agricultural revolution. Rice became the identities of many Asian societies. It also acted as an agent of cultural interaction that shaped the knowledge and understanding of the Asian tradition.     Rice is widely associated with Southeast Asia; the Asian civilization reveals the background tradition of cooking. The agricultural revolution in Asia was characterized by rice cultivation. Rice cultivation provided the motor for growth that accelerated the expansion of agriculture in only in Asia, but other parts of the world.  Even though rice is consumed across the globe, the agricultural landscapes of  Asia are characterized by rice cultivation, which forms part of their ancient tradition..         Rice is the most diversified grain with abroad variety. In understanding the cultural history of…

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the research findings and the discussion of the research. The researcher presents data findings of hedges and boosters in the presidential debate and the discussion of the data result. 4.1 Findings This subchapter serves the findings of the data as a result of the research. There are two questions related to this study and presented in this subchapter. The first research question is about the types of hedges used by Trump and Clinton in the second and third presidential debates. Second, types of boosters used by the candidate and the last question are the function of hedges and boosters used by the presidential candidate. 4.1.1 Types of Hedges The first research question of this research is about types of hedges used by the presidential candidate. According to Salager Meyer (1997), there are seven types of hedges those are, modal auxiliary verbs, modal lexical verbs, adjectival adverbial and nominal modal phrases, approximators of degree, frequency, quantity and time, introductory phrases, if clauses, compound/ complex hedges. All of those types show in the second until the…

Reconstruction in America after the Civil War Reconstruction in the United States refers to the period after the civil war that spanned between 1863 and 1877. The turbulent period was an effort to redress the inequities of slavery and the related political, social, and economic challenges. During this era, the federation focused on readmission of the eleven Southern States to the union. The reunion process involved an enactment of strict laws to curb slavery in thecountry. The political and legislative events during the period allowed Blacks to influence administrative policies. However, the process of making the intended transformation experienced challenges due to different ideologies and the adverse effects of the civil war. Although the reconstruction was a crucial period to the United States, a comparison between the restoration of the North and South and the reformation of social order reveals eminent economic and political setbacks that hindered the achievement of the core goals. Reconstruction of the North and South reveals that the United States had a deal with massive loss of property. The enormous death of livestock deprived the yeomen…

Karen Omemoto’s “On Strike! San Francisco State College Strike, 1968-1969: The Role of Asian American Students” highlights the students’ consciousness on matters of diversity. The students protested the increasingly Eurocentric education system and wanted an establishment of ethnic study programs. The strike culminated into a wave of change initiatives and demands by the minority groups such as Asian Americans and the people of color regarding the interests of their communities. The San Francisco State College Strike formed the foundation for the Civil Rights Movement in the United States based on the call for changes and focusing on inclusivity and diversity in education and curriculum. This also spilled over to other sectors, including health, leadership, agriculture, employment, among others. The 1960s-70s benefited from the 1968 strike regarding the strategizing the educational curriculum to reflect the face of American society. Therefore, the strike made significant differences in education and other related sectors regarding the issues of inclusivity and diversity. This was evident in the institutions, which restructured from the empowerment initiatives to championing diversity in their learning environments. It changed the course…