Compare inductive and deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning

Compare inductive and deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning

• In Deductive reasoning is a valid reasoning it begins by hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion, the scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and theories.  In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make a prediction of its consequences. Deductive reasoning, if something is true of a class of things in general; it is also true for all members of that class.   Therefore, the conclusion is logical and true.

• Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific observations. “In inductive inference, we go from the specific to the general.

Even if all of the premises are true in a statement, inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to be false it has no logical from the statements.

Inductive reasoning has its place in the scientific method. Scientists use it to form hypotheses and theories. Deductive reasoning allows them to apply the theories to specific situations

2. Describe contrasting views of why human thinking is irrational and prone to error.

• People make orderly mistakes when they settle on decisions what is right, and that “right” is doing what old fashioned financial analysts would do.

  Don't use plagiarised sources.Get your custom essay just from $11/page

  GET CUSTOM PAPER

2. Explain the notions of heuristic thinking and analytical thinking.

• A heuristic is a mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently. These rule-of-thumb strategies shorten decision-making time and allow people to function without constantly stopping to think about their next course of action. Heuristics are helpful in many situations, but they can also lead to cognitive biases.
• Analytical thinking is a critical component of visual thinking that gives one the ability to solve problems quickly and effectively. It involves a methodical step-by-step approach to thinking that allows you to break down complex problems into single and manageable components.

3. Compare definitions of problem solving and decision making.

• Problem solving is a method while decision making is a process.
• In problem solving is solving a group or an individual makes something positive out of a problem. Decision making, on the other hand, is done many times duringproblem solving.
• To understand the differences between the two a little better, it is best to define each of them. With the definition of each term, it will be easier for you to distinguish one from the other. Problem solving is more of a mental process. It is included in the larger problem process, namely, problem finding and problem shaping. Decision making It is still a process of cognitive function, but it focuses on what action to take and what alternatives are available.

4. Describe the anchoring bias, availability heuristic, and representativeness heuristic.

• Anchoring bias is a term used in psychology to describe the common human tendency to rely too heavily, or “anchor,” on one trait or piece of information when making decisions.
• During normal decision making, individuals anchor, or overly rely, on specific information or a specific value and then adjust to that value to account for other elements of the circumstance.
• Availability heuristic

The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision.

• The representativeness heuristic is utilized when making judgments about the likelihood.

5. Discuss why the way a problem is framed can influence a decision.

• The framing effect is a case of cognitive bias, in which individuals respond to a specific decision in various ways relying upon how it is displayed; e.g. as a loss or gain that a local tongue. This prompts more deliberation, which can influence decision making, bringing about choice.

6. Define decision aversion.

Decision aversion refers to an extreme difficulty in making decisions and/or the tendency to avoid making decisions. While we all occasionally have some difficulty making decisions, decision aversion can have a seriously debilitating effect on a person’s life.

7. Describe how risk affects decision making.

• An individual’s attitude toward the risks involved in choices among uncertain alternatives can be captured by the shape of his utility function u(x) generally we have no  reason to assume that u(x) = v(x) for the same decision maker, as discussed by Sarin (1982). If u(x) and v(x) are not the same, we argue that exploring the relationship between them may be a fruitful means of gaining insights regarding how risks affect the preferences, and ultimately the choice behavior, of individuals.

8. Describe at least one way in which memory and decision making can affect each other.

• Our memory influence decision making. We are biased towards food options . We are drawn to the better remembered option; the stronger our memory of a certain food, the more likely we are to choose it even if we don’t particularly like it.

Objective12

1. Compare emotion and motivation and describe their interrelationships.

• Motivation and Emotion are distinct concepts of psychological experiences. The two can be related; one can cause an occurrence of the other. When we win at a sporting event, the motivation (drive) to win leads to the emotion of joy. Similarly, losing at a sporting event will likely spark the emotions of sadness and frustration, and could lead to be motivation to win the next time the opportunity arises.

2. Describe three theories concerning the sources of motivation.

• Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management, Frederick Taylor’s theory of motivation states that most workers are motivated solely by the pay they receive for the work they do. He postulated that most workers do not enjoy the work they do and only perform when given the direct reward of monetary payment.
• Elton Mayo’s theory of motivation examined the social needs of the worker. He believed that pay alone was not sufficient to motivate employees to put forth their best effort. He believed that the social needs of the workers should be taken into consideration.
• Maslow and Herzberg’s Theory of Human Needs, Abraham Maslow and Frederick Irving Herzberg believed that psychological forces drive human behavior. They believed employers would see better results from workers if they recognized the various needs of individual workers and if they varied the rewards of wages.

3. Discuss some of the forces that drive the motivation to eat.

Physiological Needs

• Physiological needs basic needs that are every vital for human survival. Since they are most crucial driving forces behind human motivation.
• Peer pressure can as well drive motivation to eat.
• Another force is emotion feelings can drive the motivation to eat.

4. Describe some of the factors behind the motivation for sex.

In human being we have both biological and psychological factors which are strongly known to influence sexual drive in human being.

5. Define the need for achievement.

• Need for Achievement is the way somebody is motivated to set and reach goals. People with a high n Ach are usually driven to succeed for internal reasons such as personal satisfaction rather than by external pressures.Outline the attributions for success and failure in terms of a locus of control orientation.
• People with a high internal locus see their future as being in their own hands and that their own choices lead to success or Those with a high external locus may even believe that others have control over them and that they can do nothing but obey.

7. Describe the major theories of emotion and the universality of its expression.

Cognitive Appraisal Theories

• Cognitive appraisal emphasizes the idea that the way in which an individual evaluates or appraises the stimulus determines the emotion.

Judgment Theories

• The idea, here is   emotion is a basic judgment about our Selves and our place in our world, according to which we live and through which we experience our lives.

Non-Cognitive Theories

• Here the idea is those that guard the claim that judgments or appraisal are not part of the emotional procedure.

8. Describe the relationship between physical states and the experience of emotions.

• Those experience of emotion are involved or instantiated by physical procedures in the mind or body and clarified by occasions in the physical world experience out of existence , portrays emotions  as conduct thus  understanding emotions implies understanding the reasons for emotional.