How to write a proposal

How to write a proposal

The element of a proposal

Abstract

Background and introduction.’

Purpose statement

Review of literature

Methodology

Implications or implications

Use of words in making points

To show a difference

Besides,

Despite,

on the other hand,

in spite of,

Conversely,

Yet

Although

Notwithstanding this

To show agreement

Moreover,

Additionally,

Similarly

Likewise

Further

Furthermore

Also

Where an idea leads to other ideas

Therefore

For example

Accordingly

Consequently

Thus

Hence

As a result of

Survey items type

Restricted items

Partially open-ended items

Open-ended items

First, open-ended questions do not restrict respondents ion giving their responses. It is commonly employed in qualitative research.

Additionally, the researcher establishes ways of coding with the reaction of the participant.

On the other hand,

Partially open-ended items pertain to a few restricted options for the respondent. With this regard, the researcher can code options as a numeric. Notably, the restricted items do not allow the respondent to respond using his or her words.

Survey item writing rules

Should be simple

Avoiding double-barreled items

Use unbiased or neutral language

Using rating scales

Minimize survey length

Limit rating scale points

Minimize negative wording

Minimize set pitfall of responses

Do not categorize response items.

Qualitative research

It is a situated activity, which traces the observer across the globe.

Contains set of material and interpretive practices involved in making the world visible

Qualitative research turns the globe into conversations, interviews, recordings, photographs, as well as representations.

Based on constructivism, relativism, subjectivism among others

Uses inductive methods

Qualitative designs

Case study

Ethnography

Phenomenology

Narrative

Grounded theory

The narrative approach entails gathering data through stories narrated by the participants.

On the other hand, ethnography refers to an approach used to describe the cultures and social life of a particular person. Grounded theory is aimed at generating a method based on systematically gathered as well as analyzed data. Moreover, phenomenology describes the ordinary meaning of life experiences. Case study refers to the study of realizing scenario in a contemporary context. It focuses more on a survey rather than the methods used in the study. The case study involves identification of particular case, intent, comprehensive understanding of the individual situation, approach to analysis, case themes description, theoretical, chronological, and cross-case organization as well as a conclusion.

Procedures of data collection

Qualitative audiovisual materials

Qualitative documents

Qualitative interviews

Qualitative observations

Interviews can be conducted through email, telephone, focus groups, or face to face,

Mixed methods procedures

Involves combining quantitative and qualitative forms of research

Advantages

Encourages the utilization of multiple worldviews

Gives a bridge between qualitative and quantitative researchers

It is practical

Provides more evidence

Answers questions that one approach cannot answer

Offset both qualitative and quantitative research weakness by providing strength

Offers new insight into both qualitative and quantitative results

Research embedded assumptions

Ontological assumptions- connected with social reality nature

Epistemological assumption-connected with possible knowledge

Ontological assumptions include subtle realist, idealist, depth realist, cautions realist, conceptual realist, and shallow realist. Conversely, epistemological assumption pertains to rationalism, conventionalism, constructivism, neo-realism, falsificationism, and empiricism.

Action research

is a research that is conducted by researchers to develop a practice for the participant’s practice.

The abstract can be informative or descriptive

The introduction should provide the study’s essential background information

Should ensure overall interests of the research

Indicate the scope of the study

Engage readers

Provide sections overview

Thesis statement of the project

Significance of review literature

Provide understanding on how various scholars have written concerning your topic

Provide theories used by scholars in analyzing their data

Gives best research techniques for the topic

Details how other researchers connect their problems to more important questions, practices, or issues within the field.

Determine potential gaps within the knowledge

Identify a need for future research projects

Purpose statement

Indicate the intent of the study

Can be a quantitative and quantitative statement

Quantitative differs from qualitative statements depending on the language used and the focus of the report.

Qualitative statements of purpose should contain a research site, participants, and central phenomenon. It should utilize words, including intent, goal, or objective. These words are meant to signal the attention of the audiences. Moreover, a qualitative statement of purpose should focus on a single idea of the project. It should use neutral phrases and words as well as delimit the scope of research cites or participation.

The quantitative purpose statement mentions a specific inquiry strategy. Also, it utilizes literature in defining key variables. Moreover, it identifies the conceptual framework as well as control variables. Furthermore, it should determine the dependent and independent variables.