HUMAN CANCER
An oncogene is a gene that has the capability of causing cancer. One example of an oncogene that is discussed in the video is chronic myeloid leukemia. This was the first abnormal chromosome that was first discovered in Philadelphia. In honor of the place that the chromosome was discovered, the oncogene was named the Philadelphia chromosome. The chrome is described through its characteristics of breaking down to two chromosomes, which are 9 and 22. The two chromosomes trade places in which genes start to be affected, causing “bcr-abl” which is formed at the chromosome 22 where the pieces of chromosome 9 ascribe.
A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that, when tampered with during mutation, becomes an oncogene. When a mutation occurs in a proto-oncogene, it becomes permanently active. As a result, the cell starts to make too much of the proteins that code for cell growth. This is one of the features that are related to cancerous tumors. Cancer also only affect individual proto-oncogenes are turned on, which is referred to as the gain of function mutation. Therefore, only one copy of the gene that needs to be mutated to encourage cancer formation. Proto-oncogenes contain different type’s cells that are found in the body (Talks and Disease, 2019). One of the examples is Ras. This is a proto-oncogene that encodes an intracellular signal transduction protein, thus leading to cell growth. Once it is mutated, it translates for a protein that leads to an uncontrolled growth, which signals the development of cancer. Myc contributes to cancer development when the chromosomal translocation moves a gene enhancer sequence near the Myc proto-oncogene.
Ras genes contribute to the development of human cancer formation through their encoding of protein, which causes cancer. Also, Ras can cause cancer when they are not properly regulated in which they cause hyperproliferation. Some specific mutations act in favor of activating Ras. Once the Ras gene is activated, they tend to overproduce protein, which causes cancer. Mutations of N, K, and H-ras, are some of the common triggers of tumors (Batlle, 2017). The most significant mutations that are associated much with the development of cancer are K-ras. The tumor suppressor gene is a cell that is responsible for the regulation of cells during cell division and replication. It is also responsible for repairing DNA mistakes or controlling cell formation or programming cell death. There are several types of tumor suppressor genes; however, there are three main genes. They include: one type of the cell is the one responsible for slowing down and stopping any formation of the cells. The second type is responsible for fixing the damages that occur in the DNA when the cells are dividing. The last type is the one that controls the death and formation of the new cells.
The development of the tumor is different from that of the normal cells. Cancerous cells have a great impact on the formation of tumors. During the early stages of cancer, the tumor starts to develop while they are confined within the normal boundaries of a tissue. With time, they start to become more malignant and break the boundaries, thus invading the adjoining tissues. Cancer cells also contribute to the formation of tumors at metastasis, which is a terminal stage for cancer. In this stage, cancerous cells enter the bloodstream and travel to new places in the body when where they begin to divide and form secondary cells.