Methods Are Used to Evaluate the Economic Costs of Domestic Violence.

Methods Are Used to Evaluate the Economic Costs of Domestic Violence.

The issue of economic cost arises due to the devising of actions or policy plans to combat domestic violence.  The best approach to evaluate the economic costs of domestic violence is through prevention, opportunity cost, and response (Oliver et al., p 16). For instance, the cover costs that relate to maximized burdens on the structure of law enforcement, legal cost incurred by individuals, cost on shelters and housing, healthcare costs, and judiciary costs. There is also a decrease in tax paid to the government or lost wages due to declines in productivity and employment, social services, and support services. There is a direct cost incurred by the public authorities during implementing services and measures regarding domestic violence and indirect costs that result from physiological and physical trauma affecting the victims.

Advantages

The methods allow research and data collection to ensure appropriate policy-making to enable the government to design and implementing measures to meet the needs of domestic violence victims.

Drawbacks

The methods do not take into account cases that are not reported and the long-term economic costs; hence, it’s difficult to examine all the economic costs resulting from domestic violence.

Effects of Capitalism On Women Labor Force Participation

Yes, capitalism has been good for women because it has decreased gender inequality, especially in traditional communities.  Capitalism brings social and technological innovations that impact women positively, thus disrupting traditions and beliefs that subordinate the female gender is socially and materially progressive ways. Capitalism is good for women because it upholds individual rights ideology and the ultimate of mutual advantage. Through institutionalizing mutual benefit by the sense of voluntary exchange, capitalism can promote an approach that no individual should sacrifice their interests without gaining something. Capitalism opposes the sexist, traditional, ideal of female self-sacrifice (Ayn Rand et al., p10). Capitalism promotes innovation and embodies the ideology of women’s rights through its self-consciously that discourages individual connection and opposes oppression. Therefore, capitalism does not align with groups or individuals that oppose human rights but aligns with the political transformation of feminist hence ensuring equal opportunities for all gender.

U.S Trends in Female Labor Force Participation, Occupational Sex Segregation, and The Gender Pay Gaps.

There is female labor force participation because of the reduction of unpaid care-work because its shared equally among the female and male gender and making women more compatible with the labor market. With time some trends have facilitated the increases of women in the labor force. Such trends include the implementation of policies on maternal health to minimize the burden on women. The polices ensured maternal health services are improved hence alleviating the negative effects of childbirth and pregnancy on women’s abilities to work. Low rates of fertility are a trend that has allowed women to participate in the labor force easily.  This affects health complications independency since having children is time-consuming.  Childcare and family-oriented policies are a driver that has led to higher participation of women in the labor force because of decrease infertility. The systems have enabled women to consider factors that will make childbearing and employment compatible, thus broadening choices available to women (Ortiz-Ospina et al.). The trend of labor-saving consumer durables such as vacuum cleaners and washing machines is a variable that has increased married women’s participation in economic development. The change in culture, social norms, and structural dynamics in the economy have led to sustained growth, and women are given opportunities of experiencing educational gains.

Over the twentieth century, the participation of females in the labor force has made remarkable strides in increasing their skills and knowledge in the labor market.  Currently, approximately 47% of the labor force is dominated by women. The gender pay gap is declining slowly at the top of the income distribution. The factors of human capital are not essential in the aggregate interruption of the female workforce, and working for few hours is a significant factor in occupations that require high skills due to compensating the gender pay gap (Blau and Kahn, p 812). Gender differences in industries and professions and the differences in gender labor division and gender roles are influenced by discrimination, and non-cognitive skills and psychological attributes affect the gender pay gap.

Thin Versus Thick Markets in Online Dating.

A thick market is a large market with little product and services differentiation while a thin market is a market with whose product and services degree of differentiation is high.  In respect to online dating, in the thick market, there is limited differentiation and a lot of competition as compared to a thin market, which has no competition or its limited (Zhou, p570). There are a lot of participants in a thick market; hence, it’s easier to trade because supply and demand are high. The thick market is preferable because individuals want better matches, and the market provides an alternative to choose from. Thick market exposes individuals to many potentials but dates that are poorly matched as compared to thin markets, which give people few but relevant potential partners.

Assortative Mating and Marriage Market Equilibria.

Marriage market equilibria are achieved when the marriage gains result from the mutual consumption of domestic public goods.  Marriage markets are characterized by assortative mating that is positive on weather partners only differ on benefits and endowments to marriage outcomes from public products and services (Grossbard, p77). When couples differ in wages resulting in the production of household public goods at home, the outcome implies offsetting the effects by using public goods economies to create incentives for positive assortative mating on gains and wages from specialization to establish incentives for undesirable assortative mating on incomes.

Effect of Income Tax Systems On Formation of Two-Earner Couple’s Relative to Both One-Earner Couples and One-Person Families.

Income tax systems implicate individual choice on whether and to whom to marry, time to devote to leisure, work, home production, and how to share resources among family members. The system focus on how individual marginal tax rate varies with their spouse’s earnings.  While in independent taxation, the marginal tax rate is zero and in situations of progressive, fully joint taxation is applied where couples tax is based on the combined wage hence facing an equal percentage of the marginal tax rate.  Undesirable jointers characterize the income tax system for couples because the tax rate falls as their partner’s earnings increase (Dermot Watson).  There is inequality within families because the bargaining weight favors two-earner couples more than one-person or one-earner couple families.

Impact of The Structure of the Formal Education System to Women Achievement On Economic Equality

The structure of the formal education system has led to discrimination in training and education, remuneration and hiring, horizontal practices and promotion, and inflexible work conditions.  The structure affects access to productive resources and unequal sharing of domestic responsibilities. For example, childcare is hindrance employment, professional and economic mobility, and opportunities for women making their contribution to economic development a challenge (Hunt and Samman, p14). The structure is characterized by attitudinal obstacles that inhibit women from participating in the formation and development of economic policies.