Principles of Pharmacology

Principles of Pharmacology

 (A). Discuss four stages of a drug cycle.

Discuss the physiological factors involved in drug absorption and drug distribution.

The phases of the drug sequence comprise the following: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and secretion. The absorption process occurs when a drug goes into the bloodstream. Absorption occurs in three forms. Firstly, enteral administration is done via either the mouth or rectal injection. Secondly, a parenteral method is administered through injection. The third administration is a percutaneous method which occurs via inhalation transdermal and topical administrations. The administrations are different in how they get into the body. However, the absorption rate may be altered by the functionality of the body (Fusman & Rasheed, 2019).

Distribution is affected by diverse conditions. When the site of administration and the distribution location are close, distribution will take place rapidly. However, when the two sites are far apart, distribution will occur at a slow rate. Barriers such as the concentration of cells in the distribution site could prevent distribution.

Metabolism occurs in the liver and kidneys. Medications are converted into less active states and inactive form. Some medications are utilized in the body after they are being triggered by metabolism. The administration should be administered accordingly into the body to avoid the drug from being digested before it extends to the selected area of distribution.

Finally, excretion is the stage whereby it eliminates metabolized and unused medications from the body. Excretion takes place in the kidneys, although the liver organ performs excretion at a small percentage—however, individuals with a malfunctioning organ that performs excretion may be at risk of drug noxiousness (Fusman & Rasheed, 2019).

Discuss the difference between a side effect, contraindication, and an adverse reaction t medication and an example of each.

One should not only choose a specific medication but also take into account the side effects, adversative reactions in the body. Side effects are minor and cannot stop an individual from getting a prescription. Constipation and vomiting are examples of side effects. Side effects can be easily be managed through basic activities, which include taking medications at specific times, such s after a meal (Bali, 2019).

Adverse responses have more outcomes than side effects in that it can be a threat to an individual’s life. An example is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Alternatively, Side effects can be expected, unlike adverse reactions which need to be limited from occurring. NSAIDs drugs can cause gastrointestinal ulcers when taken for a long time. An alternative way to reduce its adverse effects is by either lowering the amount of medication or limiting the amount of time taking the drug. Occasions where the preventive measures are not available, other drugs may be used to reduce the possible effect in the body. In some cases whereby the adversative effect is unanticipated, a resolution has to be made when the incidence occurs (Bali, 2019).

Contraindications are identified effects that prevent the medication from being administered based on several factors. Kidney malfunctioning is an example of physical contraindication. Therefore, those individuals with contraindications are not allowed to take NSAID drugs. Another example of medicine contact contraindication is when a person takes a depressant and taking alcohol. As a result, it increases the impact of both materials, which will cause a life-threatening impact on an individual.

Discuss the seven drug rights when auditing documentation for a patient.

Explain why the circumstances in the scenario are a violation of the seven drug rights.

Seven rights of prescription need to be considered to safeguard the protection of patients, which include the right medication, right documentation, right patient, and the right technique, right time and right technique, the right dose, and right route.

The right time is guaranteeing the medicine is taken at the right interval. The right patient refers to the utilization of procedures to confirm the identity of the patient, which can be done by using exceptional identifiers like contacts and date of birth. The right dose is confirmation of the amount of drug to be taken. It is achieved by relating the medication order and the label. The right technique involves validating the proper way of management for any medication that is well-ordered accordingly. The right route comprises certifying the appropriate process is administered; thus, the correct selection of the area of location ought to be made as per the instruction of medication. The right medication is making sure medication is selected accordingly. Right documentation is ensuring all six rights are documented to ensure the right administration of medication.

The right patient and the right drug was violated in the scenario. Medical staff had revised Mary J, which led to Mary K. was administered a drug; she developed an allergy. The right time was violated in that prescriptions were administered outside the agreed times. It was noticed that the right dose was also dishonored when 40 units were administered instead of 30 units.

Discuss how an HIM Professional would need to report the violations in the scenario.

The Health Information Management must make sure all the elements of the scenario be revised, and solutions are made appropriately. HIM expert should also give a report that entails the errors that were made. He or she should assess the practices of the organization and make sure all the procedures are followed to prevent future occurrences. Moreover, the serious event ought to be stated to the Food and Drug Administration by filling the complete Med Watch form with all the details of events.

Explain the roles of OSHA, FDA, and DEA in enforcing the controlled substances Act.

OSHA protects workplace protection as per the rules of the FDA and DEA. FDA is involved in observing the progress and administration of all medications. It also determines the drugs that need a prescription before it is obtained. Moreover, it provides data to DEA, which is accountable for determining the manufacturing and supply of sedatives and stimulants.

FDA decides if a drug needs prescription while DEA regulates its category. As such, the three agencies work altogether to develop laws that will protect the safety of patients, medical staff, and the public (Olson et al., 2017)

Reference

Bali, A. (2019). Pharmaceuticals in Environment: Global Concerns and Regulations. Environmental Exposures and Human Health Challenges (pp. 270-296). IGI Global.

Fusman, M., & Rasheed, H. (2019). Clinical Pharmacokinetic Principles and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.

Olson, J. E., Vitek, C. R. R., Bell, E. J., McGree, M. E., Jacobson, D. J., Sauver, J. L. S., … & Bielinski, S. J. (2017). Participant-perceived understanding and perspectives on pharmacogenomics: the Mayo Clinic RIGHT protocol (Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Time). Genetics in Medicine, 19(7), 819-825.