Psychology,Study One (Journal of Social Psychology)

Psychology,Study One (Journal of Social Psychology)

Introduction

The research focuses on identifying gender norms and conformation. The researcher is focused on understanding the gender differences in the social setting but accurately compares the conformity of men and women to public norms. The researcher’s interest is to understand how gender influences the conformity of unwritten societal norms. The researcher conducted experiments to test the hypothesis that male conforms best to social norms than female, and also many people will conform that those who will ignore.

Method 1

The research involved 170 participants in the study that consisted of 113 females and 57 males. The factorial design used that involved the male and female bathroom sign. The bathroom signs were placed on the campus popular café double glass door and data collected by checking those that conform to the signs in the doors. The experiment also captured the ethnicity indicating that a large population is of Caucasian origin though it was not part of the researcher’s objective.

Results 1

According to the hypothesis that many will conform to the social norms was validated after the experiment showed that 57.6%  were those that conformed to the gender norms while those that failed to comply were 42.4%. Hypothesis 2 was also supported that indicated that males conform to social norms more than females. The men that conformed to the social norms were 79% more than those that did not. A small percentage of 47% of women conformed to the norms.

Method 2

The researcher replicated method 1 to validate the results where a qualitative question was included in the approach to ensure that the study is comprehensive. The data collection process used is a random selection where in a group of 1-10 people, the 7^th participant is chosen to participate in the study. A control was developed by counting the movement of people to the door without the signs.

Results 2

The total participants in the experiment were 226 (75 male, 151 female). The results indicate that 82% of males conformed, females, did not significantly conform to the gender norms because only 49% conformed.

Discussion

The goal of the study was to determine the effect of gender-norms on gender-role conformity. The research indicated that more participants conformed to the gender norm than not. According to the study, more males entered the door that has men’s sign than the door with women’s sign, but there were no significant women that entered the marked door.

Study Two (Pedestrian Rule Compliance)

Introduction

The researcher in the study focuses on understanding the influence of gender on cases of road accidents. The study was motivated by previous research conducted in Canada that indicated that more male pedestrians are killed or injured in road accidents as compared to females. The researcher also targets knowing the level of compliance with crossing traffic rules of both males and females. The study hypotheses include:

1. Female pedestrians will comply with spatial/ temporal rules more than males.
2. More women will look at other pedestrians than men.
3. Men will look at moving vehicles than female

Method

The researcher selected 400 pedestrians as the study participants of age between 18 and 55 years. Four sites were explicitly chosen on urban intersections named (A, B, C, and D) in the North of France. The selected sites were provided with zebra-grazing on each cross-road. The data is collected by drawing a table for the observation grid. The researcher focused on checking the male and female behavior on the zebra-crossing. The data collection process targets modeling pedestrian behavior and is conducted in a manner that fine details were collected. The data collection process was done in shifts for both the peak and off-peak seasons. The target pedestrians were those between 18 and 55, while the others were ignored.

Results

The study indicated that gender differences did not influence the approach to the curb. Many pedestrians chose the zebra crossing (86.5%) than those that used 5 meters distance from the crossing side. It was noticed that 61% of the pedestrians cross the road alone while 20% were waiting to cross in a group of two and 16% of those crossing in groups of between 3 and 5 persons. 94% of the pedestrians looked on their environment before crossing. The head movement during crossing indicated gender difference where more women that are (18.6%) look at pedestrians more than men (7.5%).

Discussion

The study focused on exploring gender influence on the pedestrian nature of crossing and gaze behavior. According to the results, women comply with traffic rules than men. The women’s compliance with traffic rules reduces their cases of injuries and deaths due to accidents.

Study Three (Internet Conformity)

The researcher in the article focuses on the effects of the social influence on the internet conformity. Internet is known to connect with several people and also sources of identification and control. The emergence of the internet has transformed the communication between people, and the conformation to the type of internet-related communication is influenced by several factors that include gender differences and task difficulty. The hypothesis that the researcher used include:

1. Women conformation is higher than men
2. and people depend on others in the internet community
3. The high conformity rises with increasing objective task difficulty
4. The high compliance rises with increasing subjective task difficulty

Methods

A quasi-experiment was used where the participants were divided into two groups that are control and conformity groups. The division of participants was to develop the dependent and independent variables for the study. The researcher selected relevant ten websites and chose the participants from the sites that characterized teens, families, and social contact. Four hundred seventy-seven participants were used for the study. The study was conducted by formulating 38 questions where 12 of the questions dealt with demographics while 26 focused on experimental issues.

Results

The results indicated that the grouping has an influence on internet conformity. The study also suggested that an increase in conformity is a result of task difficulty, which validates the hypothesis. The ones that experience difficulty in answering the questions conforms to a more rate compared to those that felt the tasks are easier. The study showed that women do not conform more than men. Men were considered to conform more to the internet.

Discussion and Conclusion

The researcher succeeded in understanding more on conformity to computer-mediated communication. The reason that supported conformity is that people ensure that their self-esteem is protected, participants also indicated that people fear social isolation hence tend to conform and finally seeking guidance from a group.

Study Four

Influence of Persuader Gender versus Gender of Target on the Selection of Compliance- Gaining Strategies

The researcher in this article is looking for insight into social influence strategies applied by men and women. The gender difference is brought by the genetic difference that influences their personality. The direct strategy that is likely to be applied by men is due to their dominance. Women are linked to employing indirect and non-competitive strategies.

 Hypothesis: The impact of the combination of target gender and persuader gender will have more influence than independent persuader gender or target gender.

Method

The participants of the study are 120 students (46 men, 74 women) of the age between 17 and 65 years, resulting in a median age of 36 years. The participants are given a task to narrate their attempt in persuading an individual to perform a specific task and should in the form of descriptive writing. The description should include the response of the convinced person. The participants also should explain their relationship with siblings, friends, and also indicate the gender of the target. Coders are then given the information to read and determine the compliance strategy using the 16 typology strategies.

Results and Discussion

The hypothesis of the study was tested by employing the analysis of variance method where the five strategies act as the dependent variables in a separate manner from the target and persuader gender that serves as independent variables. The results confirmed the hypothesis where it indicated that the impact of combined persuader and target gender has more impact than persuader or target gender alone.

Study Five

Introduction

The researcher in the study is determined to confirm and substantiate the stereotype that holds that men are more preoccupied with matters of sex as compared to women. The literature on sexually restrictive gender roles was analyzed. The sexual motivation in both genders is warranted by a brief review of the difference between attitudes and sexual differences.

Method

A two face method was used where 380 students participate in the first phase and 345 students in the second phase. The participants engaged in filling an informed consent form and also respond to open-ended questions. The survey was successful in providing the results, but the two stages at specific points overlap, resulting in similar figures.

Results and Discussion

The results were obtained by creating four common factors analysis, including attitude factors that state sex as pleasurable both physically and personally. The second factor deals with the potentiality of sexual relationships that enhance self and others. The third factor explains practical sex relationship issues. The fourth one focuses on morality, value-driven, and ethical concerns about sex. There were no significant differences between men and women concerning sex being beneficial to the self-in-relationship factor. The three of the four of the attitudes or belief factors portrayed significant results that indicated more similarities than differences in matters of sex perception than differs from the hypothesis.