Spirituality in Healthcare and Wellness

Spirituality in Healthcare and Wellness

Question 1:

I did not grow up going to church. My mom was a single mother raising three children, working full-time, as well as attending her classes on a full-time basis, so she spent the weekends working. Although we did not grow up as the ideal conservatives of the church doctrines, I did not know much about God until I got older. However, my mom did instill some real-life values and virtues thankfully, which has helped me become the person I am and guide me to make the everyday decisions that take me on the path I walk today. When I had my kids, I wanted my kids to grow up learning about who God is, and then we found a magnificent nondenominational church. Even though growing up, I didn’t experience what it was like to have God in my life; I do now

The things that my mother has taught me and being a Christian have shaped my worldview. When I think about my philosophy of health care, my main concern is what is in the best interest of the patient. I understand that we all have different beliefs and worldviews, which is why I think it is essential to be understanding others. I do not believe I have any reservations about spirituality in health care and wellness. I know many people who pray in times of healing, as I am one of them. It is not my place to judge those who do or do not. I think as long as I continue to do what is right, be kind and compassionate to others, and help others, I am doing right by God.

Question 2:

According to Shelly & Miller (2006), the critical difference that exists between the postmodern worldview and the modern Western worldview is primary the inclusion/acknowledgment of God. Shelly & Miller (2006) argue that the modern Western world perspective fundamentally relies on the biblical teachings that life originates from God, a supernatural being, and human beings have been accorded the capacity to create a compelling and distinctive relationship with God.  However, theorists in the postmodern worldview era cast more of their believe towards a holistic approach. According to Shelly & Miller (2006), theorists in the postmodern worldview argue that the world is comprised of ideal energy that can either be manipulated or controlled. According to the theorists, energy is nonreligious, while the thought is regarded as spirit-like.

The sections that I align mostly with considering the worldview, as mentioned above opinions, are the provisions of the modern Western worldview as Christianity is how I was brought up.  I was raised in an Italian-Irish American household with solid Catholic values.  However, as I have grown up and developed a little of my independent thinking, I have gravitated towards a more Christian way of thinking.  On top of that, add being a nurse and having been taught cultural awareness – I feel as though I am open to listening and learning about others.

Question 3:

Part One

Sub-Question 1

The term “spirituality” can encompass many different concepts, such as culture, society, philosophy, and religion. Culture can influence a person’s spirituality because common traditions in that culture can teach its members how they should act and what they should value most in life. A society can shape one’s spirituality because all the other members of that society might help distinguish what values and beliefs are mostly accepted among everyone. One’s philosophy or the questioning, discussion, and arguments, about reality can make wonderful-tune one’s spirituality by differentiating what truly makes the most sense. Religion, which is most commonly mistaken as being identical to spirituality, can contribute to one’s spirituality by offering some explanations to questions that cannot usually be answered by everyday life.

Sub-Question 2

Spirituality is very relevant in the context of health care and wellness because health care needs to be inclusive, and the professionals in the field to be open-minded. Patients come from all different backgrounds, and they bring with them their unique spiritualities, and the professionals that care for them should be able to empathize with and respect that. For these reasons, health care and wellness should approach spirituality from a broad perspective.

Sub-Question 3

The concept of scientism suggests that the sciences can only explain the truth of reality, and science is the only path to gain that knowledge (HLT-302 Topic 1 Overview, n.d.); however, scientism and science are not seen as identical or interchangeable subjects. Scientism is a philosophy, and science is an intellectual practice.

On the other hand, the postmodernism world view suggests that there may be a possibility of an alternate truth and different ways to gain knowledge.

Sub-Questions 4

In health care and wellness, the professionals must go through extensive training and education to gain the knowledge that they need to care for patients safely. In addition to this, not every health care provider and patient have similar world views and beliefs, but their ultimate goal is still the same. This leads to tensions between scientism and postmodernism in health care (HLT-302 Topic 1 Overview, n.d.). However, different world views should not interfere with the care that a patient receives as long as the objective of health care remains.  

Part Two

Sub-Question A

Prime reality is constituted of the reasonings behind the true meaning of life (Shelly & Miller, 2006). It is the reason the world and life on it exists. I believe in the modern concept of prime reality, where a higher being exists and may have created everything but does interfere with the outcomes of the world and humans.

Sub-Question B

The nature of the world around us is everchanging and very intricate. In my opinion, the nature of the world around us is entirely up to the individual’s perspective. For example, an animal in the wild could view the nature of the world around him as a race for survival. In contrast, a particular person could view the nature of the world around him as a place of endless opportunity.

Sub-Question C

A human being is an individual of the homo sapiens species. A human being can come from many different backgrounds, races, and all over the world. They come in all shapes, sizes, shades, and have their unique world views.

Sub-Question D

A person, along with every animal and living thing, harvests energy and that energy must be transferred in the case of their death. The energy may be transferred into their surroundings or anywhere. The truth is that no one can know what happens after death because no one can come back to prove anything.

Sub-Question E

It is possible to know anything because the nature of knowledge can be seen in everything that happens. Everyone has beliefs and their justifications for them. Since no one can have the exact world view or experiences as another person, anyone could claim to know anything, but not everyone has to agree with that knowledge. This makes it possible for anyone to know anything at all.

Sub-Question F

We know what is right and what is wrong by the consequences that the action or thing has. However, the same consequences could be seen as good or bad, depending on any individual perspective. Therefore, a person needs to develop this sense of right and wrong based on their surroundings and life.

Sub-Question G

The meaning of human history is the passing of the most known knowledge through any records. It is meant to be interpreted and followed or avoided depending on its degree of “right” or “wrong.” Again, humans can have so many different interpretations of right and wrong and depict history differently.

Part Three

These concepts can shape and morph one’s philosophy about spirituality in health care and wellness by broadening one’s perspectives. I can understand how contrasting and divergent one’s world view can be to another’s world view. This philosophy about so many differing spiritualities being equally possible can practically impact my interactions with those to whom I will provide care because I will not tolerate any rebuking or criticizing of any patient’s beliefs or world view. The health care field is a place where a patient goes to be treated not to be judged on their values and ideas.

Question 4

Several Christian social teachings focus on the relationship between God and man, as well as the importance of Christian faith in observing and prioritizing human dignity. Imago Dei, a Latin word meaning the “image of God.” It is considered an exceptional symbol placed on humans by God, thus identifies human beings as the creations of God. According to Hefner (2000), imago Dei regards humans as unique creations of God, created in His image, and advocates for the need of humans to maintain humanity as well as dignity in all of their conducts. Imago Dei’s concept confers honor and dignity to every soul irrespective of the physical, social, or mental status of an individual. The concept advocates for the appreciation of human life as well as the value of humanity among Christians more than other living organisms. By valuing human life, created by God in His image, Christians display their honor and willingness to respect God’s creation and adhere to the provisions of His teachings.

The imago dei concept is relevant to healthcare by ascertaining that healthcare providers conduct their practices towards saving the lives of human beings. Patients are supposed to be handled and treated with respect and dignity since human beings were created through the image of God; thus, they need to be given adequate care when they are sick or with injuries. Nurses need to listen attentively, care for their patients, and not to show their patients any form of bias since God would not like such things to be conducted upon His creations (Huckaby, 2017). The concept is relevant as it will ascertain that healthcare providers can provide adequate and quality medical care to their patients.

Question 5

I have been quite lucky now, and even growing up that I never really got sick very often. However, the earliest memory of being sick is when I was about 11, I would get sore throats. A few months went by, and I developed these lumps that would protrude from the side of my neck when I bent my head over. This now leads me to my first memory of receiving medical care, which my mother took me into the doctor for us to find out that I had tonsillitis. I had to have my tonsils removed shortly after. From what I remember, I had a pretty good experience. The nurses and doctors were very kind and made sure I was well taken care of. I did find out that day I was getting an allergic reaction from latex tape that was holding my IV in place. The staff made sure to quickly change it and was very helpful in making sure I was okay. I would say my care was excellent and adequate for sure, as I no longer had sore throats, and it relieved the swollen glands in my neck. Overall, my experience went smoothly, and I would say I was quite blessed to have such great nurses and doctors to resolve this issue.

Question 6

Moral Theories

Dr. Wilson, Marco, Maria, and Jessica applied various theories in determining the fetus’s moral status. Dr. Wilson has efficiently laid out all the required alternatives to the family but explains the critical abortion support options concerning his medical acquaintance on the deformities.  Dr. Wilson has applied the cognitive properties theory that requires cognition of moral status, and the ability to demonstrate a distinct level of rationality and awareness, a moral status that the fetus lacks. According to the theory of cognitive properties, the fetus lacks the required moral status (Grand Canyon University, 2019). Thus, the process of abortion becomes acceptable.

On the other hand, Maria pleads with Jessica for meditation about her required responsibilities/roles as an instrumental mother to the child, as well as grant ideal respect and adherence to God’s intent. Maria’s argument falls under the relationship-based theory that honor human life and human dignity (Grand Canyon University, 2019). Jessa has a distinctively binding relationship with her fetus since she is her mother, as well as the spiritual relationship with God. From the relationship-based theory, the existing union grants the fetus esteemed moral status, thus making the process of abortion illegal and wrong.

Additionally, the argument demonstrates the ideal theory of divine command that focuses on God as the divine creator, mandated with the responsibility of deciding morality. A state of dilemma has erupted within Jessica due to financial quagmire posed by the unborn child as well as her religious doctrines and beliefs, which are against abortion (Grand Canyon University, 2019). Jessica is in the position of a moral agent, bestowed with the responsibility of selecting the ideal decision that best accommodates her situation. This state presents the moral agency theory since Jessica is required to conduct effective planning for the child’s moral status.

According to Marco, much emphasis is on the burdens associated with a deformed child, although they have lots of desires in supporting Jessica’s decision. The relationship-based theory exhibits the state presented by Marco since the child’s moral status can quickly change depending on the decision made by Jessica (Grand Canyon University, 2019). The above-discussed approaches indicate that everyone has a solemn entity and right to have a differing opinion on what should be done to the fetus. Individual beliefs and values often guide these opinions.

Character Theories and Course of Action

These theories are based on the individuals’ values and beliefs; thus, every personal opinion or recommendation is often based on the internal evaluation in conjunction with values, beliefs, and the presenting situation. For instance, Maria recommends that Jessica should not abort the child, instead should abandon the kid and the will of God to be done. Her recommendation is based on the fact that she is a strong Christian who strictly adheres to the Christian’s social teachings, principles, and values about the sanctity of human life and dignity (Grand Canyon University, 2019).

On the other hand, however, Dr. Wilson has an excellent understanding of the pain associated with losing an unborn child through abortion; he also comprehends the health complications related to ectopic pregnancy. Therefore, he recommends abortion due to his beliefs and values about the safety of the mother since keeping the child under such conditions would present an adverse health condition to the mother. From his concept, he recommends that Jessica’s health safety comes first (Grand Canyon University, 2019). She should undergo secure abortion as enshrined by the law then later plan on how to get another baby who frees from any form of deformity. Lastly, the concept of Marcos is based on being supportive of the wife as a husband should be to his partner.

My Theory and Course of Action

I agree with the recommendations and concepts presented by the doctor. In such cases, abortion is the ideal action of response since it focuses on the health safety of the mother, giving her chances to later give birth to other children without risking her life. The concepts of the sanctity of human life and human dignity, as presented by the principles, values, and beliefs of Christianity, doing abortion wrong, are correct. However, in cases where the health safety of the mother is at risk, the doctor’s theory presents the ideal cause of action since it values the already existing life of the mother (Grand Canyon University, 2019). Not only is the doctor’s concept ideal since it places the health safety of the mother first, but it also preserves the family from future financial struggles that they cannot be in a position to cater. Therefore, I would recommend abortion to ensure the health safety of the mother.

Concepts of Personhood, Human Dignity, and Moral Status Impact My Philosophy of Health Care and Wellness

Each of us in this world was created in the image and likeness of God. We all portray these characteristics, and each person is considered sacred. Each life has value, and no person is less than another regardless of how different one is. It is in this that providing the best possible care to all patients is best for their well-being.

Conclusively, there are many theories to moral status, and the decisions being made have a significant impact on our lives. Such arrangements, for instance, in medical care, could be complicated to make. In this challenging situation like the one in this case study, all views should be well addressed and taken into serious consideration by all involved. The final and ultimate decision is upon the patient, or in this case, the mother, which should be respected given the information is discussed and understood by all parties.

Question 7

Sub-question 1

The general concepts of chapter seven are to explore the effects of the physical environment of faith and heath together as one. Just the environment is such an essential concept because controlling the environment puts patients in the best condition because then they feel calm, safe, and secure. The beauty and importance of being natural are brought up as well by simply looking at our world as a carbon-based dimension. Nature and being natural are concepts that kind of feed off of each other; we use what nature gives us to live the most natural lives we possibly can. In the nursing environment, using what God gave us creates energy in the context of pure good and faith in the nurse to patient relationship.

In chapter eight, it discusses the points of the significance of the spiritual and psychosocial environment in healthcare. The unseen environments are exceptional and essential because the seen environments are what we see, but the unseen is what faith sees and protects. It is the reality that humans cannot see, but they can feel. In chapter seven, it talked about the natural environment that is seen, but in chapter eight, it talks about the environment that is seen indirectly. A modern worldview only knows what is seen in that natural world. The unseen world is just as significant and substantial as the natural world. God dwells in the unseen environment, and that is where miracles are in action.

Chapter nine focuses on the relationship between God’s story and nursing practices. It talks about how both are used in certain medical situations like suicide. Whenever someone is dying, spiritual practices are intertwined with the care that nurses give to those dying patience. Making those unique relationships with patients can be life or death for them. Nurses are viewed as barriers of hope for patients and sometimes giving that hope is so powerful, and all people need, including family members of the patients as well. There is a definite psychological benefit giving hope and comforting patients in a spiritual way that relieves stress from the patient.

Sub-question 2

Phenomenology is meant to enhance our understanding of health and illness while connecting to the disease level of study. A level of examination that figures out how the physiological conditions are lived as meaning in the environment. When an individual is ill, their life is often debatable on what’s going to happen, causing feelings of hopelessness, pain, or meaninglessness. In the death of Ivan Ilych, the main character’s wife informed his friend Peter that her husband “He suffered the last few days… he screamed unceasingly, not for minutes, but hours” (Tolstoy). Meaning the continuously crying in his life was a showing as if his life was meaningless and painful. The Phenomenology of Illness and Disease is a way of showing what it’s like to have to deal with sickness. A patient tends to be confused/ stressed. The story of Ivan Ilych and his family reveals how Ivan created obscured surroundings by making his friends and family unbearable to see him and be at the place. Ivan then realizes the mistakes he made throughout his life and discovered his way to God and reproach oneself for his sins and ends up coming to peace with himself.

Sub-question 3

Illness and disease have had a significant impact on Chaney’s life since she was an infant. At the tender age of six months, Chaney was diagnosed and treated for tuberculosis, which she had contracted from her terminally ill great-grandfather. Growing up, she dealt with asthma, eczema, migraines, mononucleosis, and endometriosis. The most prominent event that changed Chaney’s perspective of healthcare was when she was hospitalized at the age of nineteen for unexplained severe abdominal pain. The abdominal pain had been an issue for months and progressively got worse. She experienced signs and symptoms of nausea, vomiting, severe cramping, bleeding, loss of appetite, and severe migraines. Chaney was hospitalized for seventeen days, had a medical team of 4 doctors from different areas of study, and had a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line for medication and blood draws. On day two of her stay, the team of doctors told Chaney could have lupus, pelvic inflammatory disease, or Cohrn’s disease.

On day four, the same four doctors and an oncologist came to inform Chaney that she had cancer, which turned out not to be true. As you could imagine, this was terrifying news for her, a nineteen-year-old who had just joined the Air Force the year prior and had her whole life and career ahead of her. At the end of the hospital stay, Chaney left undiagnosed and still in a tremendous amount of pain. After six weeks of daily blood draws, bi-weekly doctor appointments, and a series of tests, she was finally diagnosed with severe endometriosis, a tilted uterus, and severe scarring on her right ovary. All of this led doctors to believe that she would never be able to have children.

This experience changed her whole perspective. Working as a medical technician during this time, Chaney had the utmost confidence in medicine and medical professionals. She knew that her team would provide her with a quick diagnosis, and treatment would be simple. Chaney was wrong; instead, she was misdiagnosed, her treatment plan caused more problems than solutions, and the team had seemed to have failed her. What Chaney learned during this process was that medicine is not a perfect science, even the best health care professionals fail, and sometimes it takes trial and error to figure things out. While she still has the utmost confidence in medicine and medical professionals, Chaney has more realistic expectations and an understanding that health care is not perfect.

Conclusively, having to deal with any type of Disease or Illness can be unbearable to an individual in many ways. Most sicknesses go from mild to severe illness and can have a lifetime effect on the individual’s lifestyle, but not in a positive way. Over many years, medical professionals have tried to make illness and disease more tolerable and curable for the patients. The beliefs presented by the patient and the surrounding environment offers a positive impact on them. Three key points maintain the healing portion, those points being the Seen, Unseen, and stories environment. These key points can be proven through the reading of the book, The Death of Ivan Ilych.

Question 8

Sub-question 1

God: The Christian nurses’ worldview originates and cores on God. Everyone aspires to compare various worldviews as well as distinguish them from the biblical perspective of truth. The eternity of God is represented to us. Jesus is the “firstborn of all creation,” and “all things have been created through him and for him.” Jesus Christ is considered as the divine/spiritual agent, and through him, God created and sustaining as well as reconciling the whole cosmos. According to reading Colossians 1, the people have been entirely captivated by Jesus’s death, resurrection as well as ascensions. Paul further affirms that Jesus is again considered as the universe’s God.

Person: “God created human beings” (Shelley & Miller, 2006). Human beings were created in the image of God and his likeness. They are expected to imitate the characters of God, be his servant a heart, and adopt his nature of self-giving. Human beings were created for relationship. They are required to maintain a good relationship with God, fellow human beings as well as other God’s creations. They are designed to live and treasure an authentic Christian life in strict adherence to its doctrines. “Human beings are created by God to live in harmony with God, but they were separated from God by sin. Jesus came to this world to restore that relationship. In Him, we have redemption and forgiveness of sins” (Colossians 1:14).

Environment: The Bible asserts that God created everything, both physical and spiritual (Shelley & Miller, 2006). People have the responsibility to keep the environment suitable for their health. A polluted and stressful environment brings sickness, but a clean and supportive environment brings health. According to Colossians, all living and nonliving, invisible and visible are created and sustained by God. The environment includes both physical and spiritual realities (Col 1:16).

Health: From the Christian perspective, health is being able to live in harmony with God, self, and others (Psalms 16, Shelley & Miller, 2006). Each person is responsible for having a healthy lifestyle to promote health. A life that is according to the gospel of Christ, one that is peaceful with God, is healthy. Colossians 1:10 states, “That ye might walk worthy of the Lord unto all pleasing, being fruitful in every good work, and increasing in the knowledge of God.” All people who look to God will be healthy physically as well as spiritually (Col 1:10).

Question 9

The United States has long since been called a “melting pot” because a significant part of the population is made up of a multitude of races, ethnicities, cultures, and religions. The most significant source of tension, I think, may come from an opposing set of values and beliefs based on one’s religious affiliation. According to Shelly & Miller (2006), several theories have very different worldviews when addressing and describing their concept of God. The Science of Unitary Human Beings and The Human Becoming theories do not clearly define God as a distinct being. In the Self-Care Theory, God is not defined and is only considered relevant as it relates to the patients’ understanding. The Culture Care theory allows for God to be determined by the culture. The Newman Systems Model has a more traditional definition, defining God as the source for the human soul or spirit (Shelly & Miller, 2006). According to the Adaptation Model, “God is intimately revealed in the diversity of creation and is the common destiny of creation (Shelly & Miller, 2006).

Lastly, Shelly & Miller (2006) report that the Philosophy of Science and Caring describes their concept of God as a “deeper higher energy source.”  Several of these concepts are very different from the other and will ultimately affect how administrators, health care providers, and patients react and respond to the medical decisions and situations presented to them. Besides, their concept of God will also affect their beliefs and thoughts on the concepts of environment, person, health, and nursing, which has the potential to create a tremendous amount of friction. However, it is essential to remember that all healthcare professionals must not only be respectful of other views but also must not allow their worldview to interfere with their judgment while performing their duties.

Question 10

The Christianity and Buddhism Worldviews

Various religious doctrines have distinct perceptions and views about the world as well as reality. These perspectives are often instrumental in facilitating a better understanding of their spiritual nature by the followers. According to Shelly & Miller (2006), an individual’s worldview often incorporates various assumptions concerning the nature of reality, thus enhances practical examination of the surrounding world and its environment hence gives a whole meaning to life. Therefore, to acquire an elaborate understanding of Buddhist and Christian worldviews, analysis is focused on the question below:

What is Prime Reality?

The question above is focused on ascertaining the existence or nonexistence of a supernatural being as well as denoting the qualities and powers the being possesses. The philosophy of Buddhism teaches about the nonexistence of omnipotent, omniscient, supernatural being, personal creator God, instead believes in the impersonal universe that comprehends all reality. According to Buddhist beliefs, the transcendent universal intelligence or consciousness pervades everything that exists. According to Herman (1983), this conceived reality in human terms is undefinable since it is extending beyond the confined temporal arena of human beings. Buddhists refer to this “universal intelligence” or “consciousness” as their “God.”

In contrast, Christian philosophy and teachings of the worldview theorize on the existence of one supernatural being, God, who has infinite holiness, wisdom, and power. God is regarded as a personal creator who exists within himself in three forms, including, “the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit” (John 10:30 & Genesis 1:26).

What is the nature of the world around us?

            According to the Buddhists, consciousness is the source of the world and everything in it, where “consciousness” is the God-essence for everyone. The world is considered as the physical manifestation and appearance of a substitute non-physical dimension’s intentions. Additionally, Buddhists regard life as an essential instrument of the dream of consciousness, derived from the well-known phrase, “Life is but a dream.”  According to Buddhists, life is an actual journey, an ideal dream of consciousness. Thus, the human body is a vessel, instrumental for the journey, and the mind acts as the compass guide that enables navigation through the human experience. According to Kohl (2007), human experience is an ultimate illusion since its actual nature and reality is not as it appears. The things that human beings see, taste, feel, touch, or hear with their senses are actual the play and action of energy. Therefore, Buddhists believe that nothing is real since their subjectivity to reality and life regarded as an illusion, hence its only consciousness that can experience itself.

On the other hand, the Christian worldview argues that God created the universe from nothing (“ex nihilo”). Christians believe that God created the universe “ex nihilo” by simply saying “let there be” and things came into existence. Thus, the universe is entirely dependent on God for existence. According to the Christian worldview, the world had a definite beginning, and it will come to an end. According to Genesis 1:31, Christian philosophy believes in the reality and goodness of matter. The universe was also created orderly, and the Christians are mandated with the responsibility of maintaining this order.

What is a human being?

According to Buddhist philosophy, human beings are viewed from a broader perspective than only bones and flesh. Man is considered to be multidimensional consisting of the spirit/soul/life force, mind, and body. The body is regarded as a vessel. The mind acts as a compass that guides the body of the life journey while the spirit is considered as a non-physical dimension that actualizes the possibility of physicality. Thus, a human being is an expression of the impersonal force of life, a source of energy that permeates everything that exists (Herman, 1983).

In contrast, Christian philosophy argues that human being was created by God “in his image and likeness,” with sanctity level of intelligence, moral accountability, self-consciousness, free well as well as spiritual ability that initiate their relationship (Genesis 1:26-28). Additionally, the Christian doctrines argue that human beings were created to facilitate true reflection of the glory of God, although they failed because of sin. Thus, the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ was a demonstration of the restoration of humanity to glory.

What happens to a person at death?

According to Buddhist philosophy, life is infinite; death is only signifying the beginning of a new particular lifecycle and an end to another. At death, the life or spirit force incarnates into a different lifeform within the infinite rebirth-reincarnation cycle. However, it does not suggest that human beings do not suffer the repercussions of their actions in a particular lifeform since these consequences are enshrined by Karma doctrines (Harvey, 2012). Thus, an individual can only escape the repercussions of a specific cycle by attaining enlightenment, an individual reaches the Nirvana states, and his/her personality is wholly dissolved in absolute oneness with the Ultimate Reality. Therefore, each life is reincarnated to another lifeform after death, like an animal, human, or divine, depending on the actions of an individual in the previous lifecycle.

In contrast, Christian philosophy considers death as a form of life transition to either eternal damnation or eternal life, depending on the life choices, actions, and activities an individual engaged in while still alive. Christians believe that an excellent personal relationship with the Almighty, God, and unwavering faith in the redeemer, Jesus Christ, is the only guaranteed way of attaining passage to heaven. They believed that human beings could only reach or see God through Jesus Christ. However, people who spend their life in sinful deeds are only doomed for eternal damnation in hell (John 3:16).

Why is it possible to know anything at all?

            According to the Buddhist philosophy, the ultimate is unknowable or unknown, its “neti neti,” meaning not this nor that. Harvey (2012) argues that meditation allows the Buddhists to touch or see the God-essence or consciousness, the non-physical dimensions within themselves. Buddhist worldview asserts that only through tapping into the primordial intelligence can an individual know anything. Primordial intelligence allows the universe to operate smoothly without any glitch and allows the unconscious bodily processes of human beings such as excretion, respiration, circulation, among others, to run smoothly.

On the other hand, Christian philosophy argues that God is the source of intelligence that He presumes to used by human beings in their comprehensive understanding and acquaintance of the universe and the knowledge about him. However, the ability of human beings to think and reason clearly, more so on matters of spiritual truth is often clouded by their nature of stubbornness and pride. Christians believe that the truth about the supernatural being, God, meaning of life, as well as death and spiritual issues, appear to them through revelation. Additionally, Moreland & Craig (2003) argue that Christians believe that God is distinctively knowable, for He has elaborately made Himself known. Thus, God presents all the truth through revelation to people who have shown unwavering faith and humility in him.

How do we know what is right and wrong?

            Buddhist worldview argues that right or wrong has no objective standard. According to Harvey (2012), because man is considered as a Supreme Being, bad or good are both relative and subjective. Instead of evil, suffering is considered as the major problem of humanity. Therefore, human beings only need enlightenment and not repentance.

On the other hand, Christian philosophy regards God as a perfect good. According to Genesis 1:26-28, the human being was created in God’s image and likeness, thus possesses similar moral goodness qualities. However, man has misused the level of free will has been accorded by God, thus warping out his nature of inherent moral. For Christians, the Bible is the reference point for what is considered as wrong or right. For example, Exodus 20:1-17 outlines the ten commandments in which God warns humanity on what is wrong that should not be done.

Also, Proverb 6:17 presents seven things hated by God and are regarded as wrong.

What is the meaning of human history?

Buddhist philosophy provides limited meanings of human history since they believe that humanity is entwined in a constant rebirth cycle. Additionally, they do not acknowledge the significance of humanity in their infinite life cycle. They also argue that the concepts about the past and future only exist in one’s mind; it is only the present moment that is important.

In contrast, Christian philosophy believes that through history, God has elaborately made Himself knowable and known through His actions of revealing Himself to the humble, chosen, and worthy individuals. God achieved this when Jesus Christ came to earth in the form of a human being. Therefore, human history serves as a critical vessel of fulfilling the eternal plan of God. According to the Christian worldview, history has a definite beginning, and everything will culminate during the second return of Jesus Christ. As stated in Revelations, 21:1 judgment as well as ensuing creation of “new earth and a new heaven.”

Common Components of Buddhism and Christianity in the Healing Process.

Both Christianity and Buddhism advocate for a distinct method of spiritual practice aimed at attaining an effective healing process of both mind and body and maintaining their health status. According to Christian doctrines efficient healing process can be achieved by having an unwavering belief in God and through faithful prayers. Doctors only prescribe medication, although God is the one who heals.

On the other hand, Buddhism believes in the prescription of yoga and meditation as the ideal way of attaining emotional, mental, and physical health. According to Thondup (2013), Buddhists believe that through meditation, healing energies are awakened in both the mind and body. Patients who are adherent to spiritual practices such as praise, worship, meditation, prayers, among others, undergo faster healing processes than those who lack any distinct spiritual practice. Therefore, all healthcare institutions should have adequate spiritual and cultural competency; thus, offer a conducive environment that accommodates all spiritual practices. These initiatives may include the reduction of noise levels and installing in-house plants.

Additionally, healthcare practitioners should be well acquainted with both spiritual and cultural competency on the backgrounds of all patients. They should ensure that the patients are adequately encouraged, abled to laugh, and provide them with quality as safe care irrespective of their religious differences since caring and compassion are essential human virtues. Moreover, patients from both faiths require tolerant and sensitive healthcare providers towards their spiritual beliefs. Thus, the caregivers should have adequate awareness and knowledge levels to avoid interference with the cultural and spiritual beliefs of the patients.

Spirituality in Healthcare

The healthcare sector brings together people from different religious backgrounds in search of medical attention. Therefore, healthcare practitioners must have practical, cultural competency as well as requisite skills and knowledge on how to navigate the different cultural and religious landmines associated with their patients. Graber, Johnson & Hornberger (2001) argue that since people seek meaning in a time of severe illness. Thus they universally turn to care and compassion, spirituality, and cultural competency among the healthcare practitioners become highly relevant.

For this task, I have selected Christianity and Buddhism for comparison and contrast purposes. The analysis will be effected in the form of responding to the seven questions about worldview for respective religion while discussing their implications on healthcare. Also, the analysis will explore the critical components of each religion as well as shedding light on how best medical practitioners can offer palliative care to patients with different spiritual and cultural beliefs.

My Spiritual Perspective of Healing

I believe that the healing process occurs naturally where the body tissues replenish itself, and the immune system adjusts itself accordingly, depending on the prevailing health condition. As a believer in Christian doctrines, I have a strong belief in the spiritual healing process. I believe that unwavering faith in God can help repair the body to its normal state, and sick individuals can be healed through spirit from the almighty God.

Impact of Understanding Faith Diversity on Healthcare Wellness

As a healthcare professional, it is imperative to understand the role of spirituality in the well-being and healing processes of patients. The spiritual, emotional, and mental health of the patients are as significant as their physical health. Therefore, understating adequate understanding of the diversity of faith offers every caregiver the perfect mechanisms of providing conducive environments that facilitate effective spiritual practices that initiate appropriate healing processes. Additionally, having this understanding facilitates the sufficient level of openness and flexibility towards the differently existing worldviews. For example, the Eastern body-mind-spirit theory can effectively revolutionize current healthcare practices. This understanding also improves one’s level of tolerance and sensitivity towards the differing worldviews of his/her patient hence increases their level of flexibility in attending to patients from different religious beliefs.

Question 11

In the assignment, I did a comparative analysis of Christianity and Buddhism. For Christians, everything revolves around God, as He is the one and only creator of all things, including humanity, the universe, and all other living things. Humans walk this world in His image and help others the way Jesus did. Christians pray to God for ultimate healing and feel comforted when they turn to their faith in any health situation. However, Buddhists don’t deny that there is God, but their belief is from a man known as the Buddha. It is his teachings they follow along with being in the right state of mind can protect themselves from suffering. To them, suffering is caused by desires, and meditating, which is extremely important to them, will help them see clearly.

Also, Buddhists believe in Karma, which is a cause of sickness. Although these worldviews are different in some ways, they both follow the teaching from a being. Christians follow Jesus as Buddhists follow the Buddha, and the lessons from both inspire their followers to help others and do good things. The patient’s beliefs and needs always come first regardless of my view. They should be respected and provided quality health care. Overall, this knowledge and learning of different worldviews can help you become a better person for the patient and creating an environment to increase healing and comfort.

Question 12

For the Suffering and Grief assignment, I choose the Hinduism religion. With moving to a new state, I am not sure what religions I am most surrounded by, so I did an online search for the city I live in and choose from the list there. Hinduism is known to be the oldest religion practiced. Hindus believe in one God known as Brahman but can take on many forms meaning thousands of gods and goddesses take on the characteristics of Brahman. They usually choose one God but may worship many. They believe that the cause of suffering is from karma, and some are natural. Their actions influence karma and reincarnation into the next life. Hindus consider that in their next life, they can take on a new form as a human, an animal, or even plant. It depends on the good they do to carry onto the next life, and depending on that goodwill, determine if they will have a better existence.

There are certain rituals they do while they grieve after a loss. They do cremation within 24 hours, and after ten days of the cremation, they hold a ceremony at home to help the soul ascend. They have a mourning period that will last about ten to thirty days after death, and this is where they take the time to grieve and not hold onto any negative feelings properly. Hindus will look to meditation and yoga to clear and exercise their mind. As for Christians, their belief is in one God and will pray in times of suffering. They believe in the salvation that one day they will live an eternal life with Jesus. When Christians grieve, they grieve in hope; their grief is only temporary and believes one day they will be reunited with the one they lost. It is essential to know diverse beliefs to serve your patients better. By respecting your patient, you can reduce health disparities and ultimately improve quality care.

Question 13

Philosophical and Medical Meaning of Death

The medical meaning of death can easily be found, and it is a straightforward meaning. It is the permanent stoppage of someone’s heart, breathing, and brain activity. That is when one’s life ends.  Just like the medical meaning of death, the philosophical meaning has the same definition; it is the physical cessation of a person’s life. Therefore, death means the end of life.

Five Stages of Grief

The first stage of grief is denial/isolation, which is the disbelief of what is happening or has already happened. The second stage is anger, which everyone can relate to, I’m sure. When something has happened, and after we have gone through the denial and isolation stage, we are filled with anger and the most common question to be asked is “why?” Or “why did this happen?”. The next stage is bargaining, which is when one usually asks “what if this happened instead?”. Depression is the fourth stage of grief, and if you have ever had depression, you know that it is a disease that is hard to fight. The last stage of grief is acceptance when one finally lets go of all other stages and accepts the action that has taken place and moves forward in his or her life.

Wolterstorff explains his feelings and how a Christian worldview helps a person with their grief and loss. He also shows how scripture can be used to provide a spiritual presence for support when coping with the five stages of grief listed above. The feelings that Wolterstorff tells and shows are the feelings he initially felt, which is isolations from loved ones such as his family and friends, even the members of his community. Though the community’s members were also going through a stage of grief themselves, they too had experienced loss. From a Christian view, one can see how different people can pull together their feelings of grief with love and truth from the Christian community.

Wolterstorff Finding Joy after his Loss

Like any other human being, the feelings of pain after a loss sticks for a while, and it never entirely disappears. But it does fade and the days go by if you allow joyous things to overcome the pain or allow both feelings at once because that is possible. Wolterstorff shows those feelings alongside each other, and you know what that will enable us to see, his faith, and his high hopes for what his future will hold. The described situation is how unbearable death is. After the loss of his son, the special place that was occupied was hurting. The feeling of emptiness also came across. Still, instead of allowing this loss and let the mourning of his son take over he allows himself to acknowledge that he did exist he was here, that his son was a real human being and the bond that was shared between the father and his son was more than real. It seems to me that of the five stages of grief we are learning about, Wolterstorff shows a lot of acceptance.

There are times when the stages go back and forth and cycle over again, but that goes with what I stated earlier, more than one emotion can be felt at once. Wolterstorff, as reading does not seem to have any comfort in the resurrection, there are doubts in his mind and often wondered why God could not bring back his son then and there, I would do the same if I were in his shoes. The Author shows anger, anger towards God. As stated earlier, while he showed anger, Wolterstorff gained the feeling of joy, which is a feeling that was accomplished through the fears he had about the resurrection. Although there are doubts as well as a crisis of faith, Wolterstorff managed to pull through the situation. He found strength and courage to trust in God again and now with a stronger belief than before.

Meaning and Significance of Death in the Christian Narrative

In the Bible, in the book of 1 Thessalonians, it says that if one loses hope when they are feeling grief, that is a sign of a nonbeliever. Nonbelievers are those who are unaware that those who pass away will someday be resurrected. In this book, chapter four, you will also be made aware that Christians that just because someone dies, that doesn’t mean that is the end for them. It will not be the last time their family and loved ones will see them, the thought of resurrection cannot and will not take away the feelings that death brings upon loved ones, but it can bring a comforting feeling knowing you will meet again.

Question 14

I choose the Hinduism religion. With moving to a new state, I am not sure what religions I am most surrounded by, so I did an online search for the city I live in and choose from the list there. Hinduism is known to be the oldest religion practiced. Hindus believe in one God known as Brahman but can take on many forms meaning thousands of gods and goddesses take on the characteristics of Brahman. They usually choose one God but may worship many. They believe that the cause of suffering is from karma, and some are natural (Dimmitt, 2012). Their actions influence karma and reincarnation into the next life. Hindus believe that in their next life, they can take on a new form as a human, an animal, or even plant. It depends on the good they do to carry onto the next life, and depending on that goodwill, determine if they will have a better existence.

There are certain rituals they do while they grieve after a loss. They do cremation within 24 hours, and after ten days of the cremation, they hold a ceremony at home to help the soul ascend. They have a mourning period that will last about ten to thirty days after death, and this is where they take the time to grieve and not hold onto any negative feelings properly. Hindus will look to meditation and yoga to clear and exercise their mind. As for Christians, their belief is in one God and will pray in times of suffering. They believe in the salvation that one day they will live an eternal life with Jesus. When Christians grieve, they grieve in hope; their grief is only temporary and believes one day they will be reunited with the one they lost. It is essential to know diverse beliefs to serve your patients better. By respecting your patient, you can reduce health disparities and ultimately improve quality care.

Question 15

For I am staying with my younger siblings, my morning begins by preparing my siblings for school, getting them ready and out the door for school. I drive them to school and drop them off, after which I return home. Upon reaching home, I prepare breakfast. Then I sit enjoying my breakfast and the quietness. I feel a lot better when I have breakfast and have more energy. Then I begin working on school readings, assignments, and such. I try to fit in a 30-minute workout, which makes me feel ten times better throughout the day. Having a little quiet time a few times a day, I think it is relaxing to me and helps me recharge. This practice is an essential routine that promotes the success of my work.

Question 16

Self-care is the cornerstone of employees, including the health care workers, to stay focused on their jobs as it ensures they are healthy emotionally or physically. Maintaining a proper physique not only ensures that the health care workers concentrate on their jobs as they will be physically fit to serve their roles but also ensures they do not suffer a decreased immunity to diseases. Similarly, healthcare workers need time and space to emotionally recover from stress-causing factors they might in running their daily activities. Lastly, taking time for spiritual nourishment is as important as creating time for emotional, physical, and self-care replenishment. None of these components is to be ignored if health care workers must establish a work-life balance, which essentially means an all-around healthy employee (Chapman, 2007). The complex environment healthcare workers operate forces them to be different from the general population.

Question 17

Part I: Spiritual Assessment Survey and Interview

Me: How are you feeling today?

MJ: I am feeling okay apart from some little headache. The night shift nurse gave me some pain killers and am responding well. My condition does is not of importance; nonetheless, I am more worried about whether my daughter will get better soon.

Me: Do you have any spiritual beliefs, which assist you in coping with stress?

MJ: Yes. I am a Christian, and I believe in the healing power of God through his son Jesus Christ.

Me: Have your beliefs influenced how you take care of yourself in this illness?

MJ: Definitely, yes.  I observe medication instructions given by the doctor, and I pray for myself and my daughter to get better sooner than later. The Lord commands us to be obedient, doesn’t He?

Me: Are you part of any religious or spiritual community?

MJ: Oh, yes. As I said earlier, I am a Christian, a Catholic, to be specific.

Me: How do you think I incorporate your beliefs into taking care of you?

MJ: Just do your work as you see fit, but always remember to pray with me every morning. It will give me great hope because I will feel that the Lord is in control through you. And hey! Make it your duty to pray for others and yourself every time, regardless of whether they are sick or not. It has always worked for me.

Part II: Analysis

MJ is a 45-year-old Mexican male who was brought and admitted at the clinic a month ago following a road accident that saw his head severely injured. His daughter, who was also in the same accident, was also admitted to the same hospital. Although he was recovering well from the injury, he appeared disturbed. I decided to find out from him to establish the most appropriate approach I could use in assisting him with his present mental condition. As such, I decided to carry out a spiritual assessment of the patient.

MJ was a talkative patient, and this was good for the interview. Additionally, he was very approachable, which made it easier to conduct the interview. Nonetheless, the language presented a significant barrier, which made it almost challenging to complete the assessment tool. MJ had been in the country for about six months now. He had won a green card, which allowed him and the daughter to resettle in the U.S from Mexico. His English was exceedingly weak, and, in some cases, it was challenging to understand his response. He was also finding it challenging to understand some of my questions. Luckily, he met with a Mexican from his hometown in the ward. The friend assisted in clarifying the various questions, as well as responses and everything, went well.

MJ was lucky to have a friend in the same ward that could make clarifications in our communication. Nonetheless, this might not always be the case in the future. Miscommunication can result in reduced patient outcomes (Fujimori et al., 2014). Specifically, the increasing number of migrant patients implies that communication mistakes between the provider and the patient when one is speaking a second language are incredibly likely (Fujimori et al., 2014). As such, it is increasingly essential to ensure that a strategy is in place to address a scenario of a communication barrier in the future. Specifically, in the future, I will use the services of a translator to facilitate communication. This will ensure that the patient understands the questions and that I understand the responses.

Nevertheless, it will be essential to ask for the patient’s consent in using a translator to ensure that I observe the ethical principle of confidentiality. During the interview, the patient discloses personal information, and it would be unethical to involve another person in the conversation. However, with the patient’s consent, this challenge will be overcome.

The other challenge was determining whether the information provided by MJ was reality. Notably, MJ had a severe head injury, which might have confused. In other words, though the patient was recovering appropriately, it was challenging to determine whether his thinking might have been affected. Although his CT scans were normal, studies have illustrated that head injury patients might have cognitive problems such as memory issues, thinking issues, and headaches (Karr, Areshenkoff, N., & Garcia-Barrera, 2014). Nevertheless, I went on with the interview, hoping that the patient was alright mentally.

However, in the future, I will take a different approach when confronted with such a scenario. I will first refer the patient to a psychiatrist to assess his cognitive abilities before conducting the interview. A determination of a patient’s cognitive skills will be increasingly essential in determining the direction of the interview. If the cognitive abilities are affected, it will be necessary to postpone the interview until the patient achieves a healthy status. This will deter the taking of any actions that might not be beneficial to the patient (Karr et al., 2014).

The specific spiritual assessment tool I used on MJ can be exceedingly helpful in addressing the needs of patients. Through the series of questions, the tool can be exceedingly vital in guiding me in eliciting the spiritual needs of a patient, along with their impacts on their care. With the knowledge of what the patient beliefs and the possible implications of such beliefs, it becomes possible to tailor care interventions to suit the patient’s convictions (Koenig, 2013). That way, the likelihood of attaining positive patient outcomes is escalated. Therefore, this tool

During the interview, it was clear that the illness, together with stress, did not amplify the spiritual concern as well as the needs of MJ. From my assessment, MJ is an increasingly spiritual individual, as exemplified by his response that he believes in the healing power of God through his son Jesus Christ.

Furthermore, he has always been a prayerful person throughout his adult life. Additionally, his request that we make a prayer each morning and to pray for others every time is an indication that MJ has always been a spiritual person. From this observation, it was clear that regardless of his illness, his spirituality remained unchanged.

Question 18

Compassion Fatigue and Burnout

In healthcare institutions, the health and wellness of the employees should be a top priority!  Therefore, health and wellness advisors should be readily available to all employees.  Newsletters should also be shared via email frequently regarding health and wellness tips and strategies with healthy recipes, exercises, and wellness plans.

Additionally, there should be available cardiac rehabilitation workout facilities for all employees (Jennings, Disch & Senn, 2008). Employee discounts should be available at some local facilities because we are hospital employees (for example, spa treatments, movie tickets, gym memberships, etc.…). Thus, any individual suffering from compassion fatigue and burnout should attend all of the above facilities.

Promotion of Mental, Physical and Spiritual Health

When the mind-boggling public is underactive, overweight, compulsive workers, and experience a lot of burnout, it will be unrealistic for an individual to demonstrate physical, spiritual, and mental wellbeing. For an individual to improve his/her physical health, its imperative to schedule daily exercise activities such as walking, going to the gym, swimming, running, among other activities, for about one hour. Also, well-balanced dietary propensities should be maintained. And at the end of the day, an individual should have an adequate sleep. Mental health can be promoted through taking daily personal time and space to recover from stress-causing factors (Jennings, Disch & Senn, 2008) emotionally. Scheduling adequate time to speak with friends or family and engage in laughing as well as brainteasers. Also, turning off phones as well as social media for more than one hour a day. For the promotion of spiritual health, one should often attend church services, read biblical books, and continuously practice gratitude.

Furthermore, music therapy presents effective ways of promoting both spiritual, mental, and physical health. Listening to soothing nature sounds and relaxing music increase the amounts of serotonin and other positive hormones in the body. Listening to relaxing music regularly helps you disconnect from the world around you and forget about the stresses in your life (Jennings, Disch & Senn, 2008). The music can release a neurotransmitter called dopamine that is closely related to your sense of touch and taste; this will help enhance your pleasure in eating food and intimate moments.

Conclusively, with an effective self-care plan, both physical, mental, and spiritual health is effectively activated; thus, the efficiency and proficiency of an individual are adequately elevated. Therefore, when a medical professional has elevated proficiency and efficiency boosted by the excellent physical, mental, and spiritual health, he/she will offer a quality service to others.

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