Transportation/Aviation management
Greenfield airports have gained popularity across Europe and worldwide due to the high dynamics of international trade and travel. Berlin Brandenburg Airport was commissioned in Germany in May 1996 and marked for construction. The construction of the project officially began in 2006 (Forsyth et al., 2016).
Athens International airport in Greece was the first public-private partnership greenfield airport project that initiated in 1996. (Flouris & Lock, 2016).London Britannia Airport was also proposed in November 2013 by Boris Johnson, who was the mayor of London at the time. The plans are still underway to construct a £ 47.3 billion airport on an artificial island on River Thames
President Erdogan unveiled the New Istanbul Airport project in 2018 at the cost of $ 12 billion. The airport is located ashore on the coast of the Black Sea and is projected to handle up to 200 million passengers from Europe, Asia, and Africa annually if completed (Jaffe, 2016).
Niche strategies in the airline industry are becoming familiar with airline operators and airports. BAA London Airports such as Heathrow, Gatwick, Glasgow have installed fast-track customer processing concepts that offer specialized services to first-class and business-class customers (Graham, 2013). London City Airport has also positioned itself as business airports handling business-class to and from Europe. In the US, Mobile Downtown Airport is focusing on holiday and vocational travelers in the country. The airport handles an average of 226 aircraft per day, including military and general aviation aircraft.
The US has many heliports compared to the European Union. Helicopters are a preferred method of commuting in cases where an alternative is not available. They are small and expensive to operate and thus preferred for business and emergency when traveling over short distances. Most of the helicopters in the country are privately owned and not-for-profit operations (Senguttuvan, 2016).
New York City is one of the busiest cities in the US and internationally with six ports, which include John Kennedy Int. Airport, LaGuardia Airport, Westchester County Airport, Newark liberty int. Airport, Long Island MacArthur Airport, and Stewart Int. Airport. There are various proposals and plans to expand Newark and John F. Kennedy airports at the cost of $27 billion and $21 billion, respectively (Coote, 2019).
Kansai international airport is an example of airports constructed on artificial islands in Japan. Kansai International Airport is situated on a 4km long human-made island built and was established on an area with low risks of typhoons and earthquakes. Engineers faced multiple challenges during the construction, including an earthquake that hit Japan in 1995 (Halpern & Graham, 2013). The project became more expensive as parts of the terminal began to sink as deep as five meters. The American Society of Civil Engineers acknowledged the structure as a millennial monument in 2001.